• 국제초고층학회논문집
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.131-139
• /
• 2013

The field of structural fire engineering has evolved within the construction industry, driven largely by the acceptance of performance-based or goal-based design. This evolution has brought two disciplines very close together - that of structural engineering and fire engineering. This paper presents an overview of structural systems that are frequently adopted in tall building design; typical beams and columns, concrete filled steel tube columns and long span beams with web openings. It is shown that these structural members require a structural analysis in relation to their temperature evolution and failure modes to determine adequate thermal protection for a given fire resistance period. When this is accounted for, a more explicit understanding of the behaviour of the structure and significant cost savings can be achieved. This paper demonstrates the importance of structural fire assessments in the context of tall building design. It is shown that structural engineers are more than capable of assessing structural capacity in the event of fire using published methodologies. Rather than assumed performance, this approach can result in a safe and quantified design in the event of a fire.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.610-618
• /
• 2016

A green cognitive radio network (CRN), characterized by base stations (BSs) that conserve energy during sleep periods, is a promising candidate for realizing more efficient spectrum allocation. To improve the spectrum efficiency and achieve greener communication in wireless applications, we consider CRNs with an long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) structure and propose a novel energy-saving strategy. By establishing a type of preemptive priority queueing model with a single vacation, we capture the stochastic behavior of the proposed strategy. Using the method of matrix geometric solutions, we derive the performance measures in terms of the average latency of secondary user (SU) packets and the energy-saving degree of BSs. Furthermore, we provide numerical results to demonstrate the influence of the sleeping parameter on the system performance. Finally, we compare the Nash equilibrium behavior and social optimization behavior of the proposed strategy to present a pricing policy for SU packets.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• 제6권12호
• /
• pp.3117-3132
• /
• 2012

The tree topology in multicast systems has high transmission efficiency, low latency, but poor resilience to node failures. In our work, some nodes are selected as backbone nodes to construct a tree-like core overlay. Backbone nodes are reliable enough and have strong upload capacity as well, which is helpful to overcome the shortcomings of tree topology. The core overlay is organized into a spanning tree while the whole overlay is of mesh-like topology. This paper focuses on improving the performance of the application-layer multicast overlay by optimizing the core overlay which is periodically adjusted with the proposed optimization algorithm. Our approach is to construct the overlay tree based on the out-degree weighted reliability where the reliability of a node is weighted by its upload bandwidth (out-degree). There is no illegal solution during the evolution which ensures the evolution efficiency. Simulation results show that the proposed approach greatly enhances the reliability of the tree-like core overlay systems and achieves shorter delay simultaneously. Its reliability performance is better than the reliability-first algorithm and its delay is very close to that of the degree-first algorithm. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is acceptable for application. Therefore the proposed approach is efficient for the topology optimization of a real multicast overlay.

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.143-148
• /
• 2021

Alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts have been widely studied for improving the efficiency and green hydrogen production through electrochemical water splitting. Transition metal-based electrocatalysts have emerged as promising materials that can significantly reduce the hydrogen production costs. Among the available electrocatalysts, transition metal-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have demonstrated outstanding OER performance owing to the abundant active sites and favorable adsorption-desorption energies for OER intermediates. Currently, cobalt doped nickel LDHs (NiCo LDHs) are regarded as the benchmark electrocatalyst for alkaline OER, primarily owing to the physicochemical synergetic effects between Ni and Co. We report effects of heat-treatment of the as-grown NiCo LDH on electrocatalytic activities in a temperature range from 250 to 400℃. Electrocatalytic OER properties were analysed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The heat-treatment temperature was found to play a crucial role in catalytic activity. The optimum heat-treatment temperature was discussed with respect to their OER performance.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.237-242
• /
• 2022

Designing and producing a low-cost, high-current-density electrode with good electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still a major challenge for the industrial hydrogen energy economy. In this study, nanostructured Fe-doped CuCo(OH)₂ was discovered to be a precedent electrocatalyst for OER with low overpotential, low Tafel slope, good durability, and high electrochemically active surface sites at reduced mass loadings. Fe-doped CuCo(OH)₂ nanosheets are made using a hydrothermal synthesis process. These nanosheets are clumped together to form a highly open hierarchical structure. When used as an electrocatalyst, the Fe-doped CuCo(OH)₂ nanosheets required an overpotential of 260 mV to reach a current density of 50 mA cm^-2. Also, it showed a small Tafel slope of 72.9 mV dec^-1, and superior stability while catalyzing the generation of O₂ continuously for 20 hours. The Fe-doped CuCo(OH)₂ was found to have a large number of active sites which provide hierarchical and stable transfer routes for both electrolyte ions and electrons, resulting in exceptional OER performance.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 1998

알루미늄-공기전지의 4M KOH전해질에 아연화합물과 같은 첨가제를 넣어 수소발생 및 알루미늄의 부식에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 첨가제중의 아연화합물은 수소발생과전압을 증가시키고, TPC(tripotasium citrate)와 CaO는 알루미늄표면에 치밀한 막을 형성하여 수소발생속도와 알루미늄부식속도를 감소시켰다. 이들 첨가제들에 의해 고순도알루미늄(순도, 99.999%)의 개회로전위는 양의 방향으로, 알루미늄 No 1050(순도, 99.5%)의 개회로전위는 음의 방향으로 약간 이동했다. 개회로전위에서 첨가제는 수소발생속도와 알루미늄 부식속도를 감소시켰으며, 과전압이 증가할수록 수소발생속도가 감소하여 알루미늄의 이용율이 증가하였다. 높은 전류밀도$(>100mA/cm^2)$에서는 TPC/CaO/ZnO 첨가제에 의해 고순도 알루미늄의 이용율이 In,Ga,Tl 합금 알루미늄의 이용율과 비슷하였다.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 2005

일반적으로 유전자 알고리즘은 최적 시스템을 디자인하는데 주로 이용된다. 하지만 알고리즘의 성능은 적합도 함수나 시스템 환경에 의해 결정된다. 두 개의 개체군이 꾸준히 상호작용하고 공진화 하는 공진화 알고리즘은 이러한 문제를 극복할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 논문에서는 GA가 풀기 어려운 GA-hard problem을 풀기 위하여 저자가 제안한 3가지 공진화 모델을 설명한다. 첫 번째 모델은 찾고자하는 해와 환경을 각각 경쟁하는 개체군으로 구성해 진화하는 방법으로 사용자의 환경설정에 의해 지역적 해를 찾는 것을 방지하는 경쟁적 공진화 알고리즘이다. 두 번째 모델은 호스트 개체군과 기생(스키마) 개체군으로 구성된 스키마 공진화 알고리즘이다. 이 알고리즘에서 스키마 개체군은 호스트 개체군에 좋은 스키마를 공급한다. 세 번째 알고리즘은 두 개체군이 서로 게임을 통해 진화하도록 하는 게임이론에 기반한 공진화 알고리즘이다. 각 알고리즘은 비주얼 서보잉, 로봇 주행, 다목적 최적화 문제에 적용하여 그 유효성을 입증한다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.345-360
• /
• 2020

Modern swarm intelligence heuristic search methods are widely applied in the field of structural health monitoring due to their advantages of excellent global search capacity, loose requirement of initial guess and ease of computational implementation etc. To this end, a hybrid strategy is proposed based on butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA) and differential evolution (DE) with purpose of effective combination of their merits. In the proposed identification strategy, two improvements including mutation and crossover operations of DE, and dynamic adaptive operators are introduced into original BOA to reduce the risk to be trapped in local optimum and increase global search capability. The performance of the proposed algorithm, hybrid butterfly optimization and differential evolution algorithm (HBODEA) is evaluated by two numerical examples of a simply supported beam and a 37-bar truss structure, as well as an experimental test of 8-story shear-type steel frame structure in the laboratory. Compared with BOA and DE, the numerical and experimental results show that the proposed HBODEA is more robust to detect the reduction of stiffness with limited sensors and contaminated measurements. In addition, the effect of search space, two dynamic operators, population size on identification accuracy and efficiency of the proposed identification strategy are further investigated.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.314-321
• /
• 2019

본 연구에서 개발된 Self-Adaptive Vision Correction Algorithm (SAVCA)은 광학적 특성을 모방하여 개발된 Vision Correction Algorithm (VCA)의 총 6개의 매개변수 중 자가 적응형태로 구축된 Division Rate 1 (DR1) 및 Division Rate 2 (DR2)를 제외한 Modulation Transfer Function Rate (MR), Astigmatic Rate (AR), Astigmatic Factor (AF) 및 Compression Factor (CF) 등 4개의 매개변수를 변경하여 사용성을 증대시키기 위해 제시되었다. 개발된 SAVCA의 검증을 위해 기존 VCA를 적용하였던 2개 변수를 갖는 수학 문제 (Six hump camel back 및 Easton and fenton) 및 30개 변수를 갖는 수학 문제 (Schwefel 및 Hyper sphere)에 적용한 결과 SAVCA는 비교한 다른 알고리즘 (Harmony Search, Water Cycle Algorithm, VCA, Genetic Algorithms with Floating-point representation, Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm 및 Modified Shuffled Complex Evolution)에 비해 우수한 성능을 보여주었다. 마지막으로 공학 문제인 Speed reducer design에서도 SAVCA는 가장 좋은 결과를 보여주었다. 복잡한 매개변수 조절과정을 거치지 않은 SAVCA는 여러 분야에서 적용이 가능할 것이다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2024

This study proposes a new hybrid approach that utilizes post-earthquake survey data and numerical analysis results from an evolving finite element routing model to capture vulnerability processes. In order to achieve cost-effective evaluation and optimization, this study introduced an online data evolution data platform. The proposed method consists of four stages: 1) development of diagnostic sensitivity curve; 2) determination of probability distribution parameters of throughput threshold through optimization; 3) update of distribution parameters using smart evolution method; 4) derivation of updated diffusion parameters. Produce a blending curve. The analytical curves were initially obtained based on a finite element model used to represent a similar RC building with an estimated (previous) capacity height in the damaged area. The previous data are updated based on the estimated empirical failure probabilities from the post-earthquake survey data, and the mixed sensitivity curve is constructed using the update (subsequent) that best describes the empirical failure probabilities. The results show that the earthquake rupture estimate is close to the empirical rupture probability and corresponds very accurately to the real engineering online practical analysis. The objectives of this paper are to obtain adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, promote inclusive and sustainable urbanization and participation, implement sustainable and disaster-resilient buildings, sustainable human settlement planning and management. Therefore, with the continuous development of artificial intelligence and management strategy, this goal is expected to be achieved in the near future.