• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2021

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between country-level institutional quality and public debt in the context of Pakistan. The hypotheses of this study were assessed by using the country-level institutional quality data for Pakistan throughout the years from 1996 to 2018. Data came from the World Databank, IMF and Worldwide Governance Indicators databases. For the analysis, ordinary least square, quantile regression and robust regression were employed to assess the factors influencing the public debt. The results of this study indicate that the factors of voice and accountability, regulatory quality, and control of corruption have a positive and significant relationship with public debt, while political stability, government effectiveness, and the rule of law have a negative and significant effect on public debt. Based on the findings, a weak country-level institutional quality poses a substantial market risk as it signals the existence of an unfavorable economic condition that raises public debt. It was also revealed that an improved performance of country-level institutional quality can lead to the improvement of financial market transparency, hence reduce public debt. In contrast to previous studies, the present study will be breaking ground in enhancing public insight regarding the impact of country-level institutional quality on Pakistan's public debt.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.5-29
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• 2012

Previous performance evaluation focusing on objective data of service agency has the limitations that did not reflect user-centered evaluation. With the expansion of voucher service, importance of perspective of service user such as satisfaction index is increasing. As voucher service has been delivered by the financial burden of government and user, we need the performance evaluation system that reflects the both performance indices to meet the accountability of two stake-holders. So this study focuses on deriving integrated evaluation system developing systems what mixed objective and subjective performance. Data used in this study is collected form 70 social service agencies that deliver voucher service and 1445 service users. Using General Satisfaction Index and Efficiency Index by DEA, this study analysed the correlation between efficiency and satisfaction index, and integrated performance evaluation model is constructed through portfolio map. This study has the following implication. This study theoretically explains the relation of objective performance and subjective performance and gives practical guidance in performance evaluation criterion and interpretation of performance.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.41-54
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• 2013

R&D is inherently an uncertain endeavor, yet now more than ever those performing R&D with public funding are called upon to clarify the utility of their research. Calls for public accountability are mounting with the increase in constraints on government budgets due to the recent worldwide economic recession, in response to which both policymakers and researchers pay much more attention to rigorously assessing publicly funded R&D. A key issue complicating R&D evaluation in these circumstances is how to adequately account for the nature and degree of risk involved in a given R&D program or project. This study deliberates on certain issues involving the measurement of ex-ante risk in public R&D evaluation: (i) information asymmetry between R&D sponsors and performers, (ii) ambiguity in the measurement of returns in both prospective and retrospective evaluation, and (iii) the dilemma between measurement error and omitted variable bias for empirical estimation of R&D performance. The study then presents an analysis of hypothetical evaluation results that apply risk-relevant weights to the annual evaluation outcomes of South Korea's national R&D programs funded during 2006~2012. In this counterfactual re-evaluation of public R&D program performance, high-risk R&D programs turn out to receive higher evaluation than non-high-risk programs. The current study suggests that R&D evaluation ignoring ex-ante risk is not only conceptually invalid since R&D activities are intrinsically uncertain endeavors, but unfair as R&D performers are asked to be accountable for the results that were in fact out of their reach.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-142
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• 2001

The goal of the National Assessment of Educational Achievement(NAEA) 2001 was to affirm the accountability of school education, to scientifically manage and elevate the quality of education at the national level, and to articulate the final design of the NAEA. It was implemented on June 28th of the year 2001. The assessment frame for NAEA includes the achievement standards, the assessment standards, the instruction for the item development, and the grading policy for mathematics subject. Most of items are multiple-choice types, but the performance-based items should be at least thirty percent of the total items, also 30% in case of mathematics. Approximately 1% of students among entire population of the Grades 6 were randomly selected. Therefore, the finally sampled examines were 8023 at Grade 6. The result of the analysis of the NAEA revealed that Grade 6 students was labelled as ‘average’ level in general (Number and Operation: average, Geometric figures: average, Patterns and Functions: excellent, Measurements: average, Letters and Expressions: average, Probability and Statistics: average). The most characteristic finding was that except for Grade 6(its average is 69.92), most secondary students obtained low test scores and its average of each grade is below 50 out of 100. Especially, the scores on the performance-based items were by and large very low. This finding implies that Korean students are not familiar with the kind of test items which requires expression of ideas and feelings and they are rather familiar with the multiple-choice items. Another interesting finding was that the students in small towns and remote areas showed significantly low scores in all four skills compared with Seoul, metropolitan cities and medium and small cities. This may be attributed from the fact that the remote areas do not have equal learning environment with regard to social and cultural experience, supply of various teaching materials, extracurricular lessons which are directly related to teaching and learning. These findings may be utilized as a reliable resource fur improving curriculum and teaching and learning in Mathematics.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.376-399
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• 2008

Science and technology (S&T) is one of the most important elements in a nation's competitiveness. In an effort to strengthen their national competitiveness, all countries are focusing on upgrading the level of eir S&T. With these factors in mind, Korea has increased its support of national research and development (R&D). In recent years, this added support has resulted in an increased interest in the effectiveness of R&D. We have made continuous efforts to enhance the accountability and effectiveness of R&D by strengthening performance evaluation and considering R&D evaluation results during the budget review (appropriation) process. In order to change to a performance based system, we need to develop objective and scientific indicators to measure and evaluate the quality of the research performance of R&D programs. One of the primary research outcomes is publications. The impact factor of publications is widely used to evaluate overall journal quality and the quality of the papers published therein. However, the use of impact factors has been criticised because they can vary greatly when works from different subject areas are compared. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed three kinds of qualitative indicators, which are functions of the impact factor. Two of these qualitative indicators, Modified Rank Normalized Impact Factor and Ordinal Rank Normalized Impact Factor, are based on order statistics (rank) for all journals from a specific specialty. The third qualitative indicator, Relative Field Impact Factor, uses the average impact factor of all journals within a subject category. We also suggest a quantitative indicator, Percentage of Contribution. In this study, we suggest 4 indicators and use them to evaluate the performance of outcomes from three R&D programs supported by the Ministry of Education, Science & Technology. We also perform a simulation study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed indicators. It can be shown that the proposed Ordinal Rank Normalized Impact Factor is the most reliable and effective indicator for comparing research performance across subject categories. However, we recommend using previous indicators in combination with the proposed indicators in this study for the research evaluation of R&D programs.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.5-34
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• 2004

This study aims to find out the determinants of burnout in order to better understand the burnout process among social workers. For this purpose, a hypothetical model which explains the relationships among 8 job-related stressors (role ambiguity, role overload, difficulties in solving problems of clients, conflict with the clients, lack of support from the supervisor, closed communication pattern, bureaucracy, and lack of accountability), 4 mediators (job-stress, professional role performance, abiding by the agency policy and partiality in service delivery), and 4 dimensions of burnout (physical exhaustion, psychological exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment) was developed. Using the data collected from 207 social workers, the hypothetical model was tested. For data analysis, a path analysis was used, and the best-fitting model was found(df=66, $x^2$=63.250, GFI=0.962, CFI=1.00). As a result of this study, the following results were found. Burnout among social workers was increased by the 6 job-related stressors(role ambiguity, role overload, difficulties in solving problems of clients, conflict with the clients, lack of support from the supervisor, closed communication pattern). Job-stress, the mediating variable of the emotional path to burnout, increased professional role performance and the abiding by agency policy, and finally increased burnout. On the other hand, professional self-efficacy (which consists of professional role performance, abiding by agency policy and partiality in service delivery), the mediationg variable of the cognitive path to burnout, reduced burnout when the professional role performance was high, and abiding by agency policy and partiality in service delivery were low.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was performed to develop the Job Satisfaction Scale for Clinical Nurses (JSS-CN) and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: A preliminary 42-item version of the JSS-CN was developed through literature reviews and in-depth interviews. The draft scale was developed using thirty-seven items selected following content validity evaluation. Finally, thirty-three items with response options on a 5-point Likert scale were selected based on internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Subsequently, the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the JSS-CN were verified. Results: Six factors, namely, recognition from the organization and professional achievement, personal maturation through the nursing profession, interpersonal interaction with respect and recognition, accomplishment of accountability as a nurse, display of professional competency, and stability and job worth, were identified, which explained 59.7% of the total variance. The JSS-CN's Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for the total scale was .95, and the intra-class correlation coefficient was .90. The correlation coefficient between the scores of the JSS-CN and Slavitt's scale was .75, and that between the JSS-CN and job performance was .53. Conclusion: Results showed that the JSS-CN has good reliability and validity. Therefore, it is concluded that the JSS-CN could be a useful tool for the measurement of the job satisfaction of clinical nurses in Korea.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.164-172
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to determine whether the 65 competencies, defined in "the role of Korean doctor, 2014", are suitable for basic medical education phase in Korea. It seeks to analyze the gap among the educational reality and expectation, assessment situation of the competencies above. We also try to define issues of the development, application and assessment phases of competency-based medical education (CBME) at individual medical schools. We designed survey tools based on the Miller's assessment pyramid (knowledge, explanation, demonstration, and performance) for each of the 65 competencies. The survey distributed to 41 medical schools in April 2015 and 38 replies were received (92.7%). Competencies that matched both the educational reality and expectation were numbers 1 (patient care), 33 (social accountability), and 49 (professionalism). However, all the other competencies ranked lower in current status than that of desirable level. 54 out of 65 competencies (83.07%) remained at the knowledge and explanation level when each competence were assessed. In the development, application, and assessment phases of CBME, common issues that medical schools commonly noted were difficulty linking competencies to curriculum preparation and student assessment, the lack of faculty's understanding, difficulty to reach consensus among faculties, and absence of teaching and learning methods and assessment tools that fits CBME. For the successful settle down of CBME, there is a need for efforts to develop the model of graduate outcomes, to share information and experience, and to operate faculty development program by the medical education communities.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

As information dysfunctional phenomenon is causing a lot of social problems, the need and accountability about information ethics education at school have been strengthened. However, as the current school information ethics education is limited in some areas across curriculum and was carried out voluntarily based on the situation of school and teacher's discretion, the information ethics education was highly dependent on awareness and capabilities of teacher. In this study, once factors of professionalism of teachers responsible for information ethics reflecting the characteristics of information ethics education were derived from general teacher's professionalism, Delphi survey was conducted three times with targets of 32 experts. As a result, 10 elements of knowledge, 11 elements of performance-ability and 7 elements of personality-related were selected as professionalism of teachers responsible for information ethics.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.6_1
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• pp.3-16
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• 2015

Ten years have passed since an arm-college joint education system with the goal of efficiently acquiring future non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and approximately 4,000 annual graduates of the programs have already actively been in position in Korean Army. We evaluated the effectiveness of the system based on an empirical survey for 100 respondents, all sergeants-first-class and above. The analysis shows that the graduates' general performance and attitude as NCOs appear to be superior to those who were recruited from the general public, while there were no statistically significant difference in some other areas. NCOs from the departments of the program showed higher capacity to conduct his duty of expertise, better accountability, and more positive attitude toward the routine tasks. Several policy messages are also drawn. We suggest that the Army and the relevant schools take appropriate measures like more active institutional support for upgrading the system. Additionally, their initial selection process for prospective NCOs, high school graduates, should also be improved.