• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.793-805
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• 1995

The purposes of this review are to know the characteristics and physical changes of elderly person, and to give the information about elderly person when the geriatric physical therapy will be needed in Korea. Current literature on physiological changes that occur in humans owing to aging is reviewed. The musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, neurological, perceptual, gastrointestinal, endocrine and immunological systems are discussed. Also, The cognition, personality, and role changes are discussed. We are discussed the changes of aging; biological theory, psychosocial theory and environmental theory. The effects of disuse and of exercise are reviewed. Implications for geriatric physical therapy are suggested.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.55-64
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• 2007

Laryngeal DDK involve with the rate, pattern, and regularity (periodicity) in opening and closing of vocal fold. This study was aimed at investigating the characteristics of laryngeal DDK between nonfluent and fluent speakers. One with an ataxic dysarthria (with cerebellar lesion) and the other with stuttering, and 13 normal speakers were evaluated. L-DDK were analyzed with MSP (motor speech profile, CSL 4400). Measures of DDK included: DDKavr, DDKcvp, DDKjit, DDKavp. An ataxic dysarthric speaker and a stutterer showed more reduced rate and aperiodic L-DDK (both adductory and abductory movement) than normal speakers. But the average L-DDK period (ms) in adductory movement in a speaker with stuttering showed more decreased than the other. Results from this study are preliminary. Nonetheless, results of L-DDK produced by nonfluent speakers suggested the possibility to have relation with slow rate of phonatory initiation and connected speech. In the future, perceptual studies are needed in conjuction with acoustic and speech production.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2008

This study aims to examine the perceptual features of street buildings, which affect the urban scape, and establish design guidelines by types of buildings. According to this purpose, this study conducted document research, field survey through site visits and questionnaire survey for each subject. The field survey was carried out to study the exterior form characteristics of street buildings, and images of the streetscape in Gyeongju. For the questionnaire survey, the preference of 33 architecture-related people on the formal constituents of street buildings was investigated. The results of the document research, field survey and questionnaire survey were put together to elaborate the design guideline for urban street facade in historical city.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.350-358
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• 2011

In contemporary architecture, Environment is not just a non-objective space. It is an experimental space where physical space and the principal result of interaction and order have been granted in symbolic, introverted space. Therefore, Yokohama International Port Terminal characteristics that appear in the architectural space, the nature of human desires and reveal the value of user-centered criteria to classify the type of response characteristics of the affordance are as follows; First, the experience response in the affordance reaction is when users reaction is multiple in theenvironment. Second, the evolution of organic reactions in a public space system is that it shows the spatial characteristics of the functional relationships. Third, the organic of space that can be seen through cultural practice in the inside and outside of the space could be explained as a perceptual response. It can be an opportunity to analyzed and develop in a various forms of space in environmental design if we understands the spatial characteristics of FOA's Yokohama International Port Terminal and applied end user spatial reaction analysis that shows an affordance relationship study.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Modern society is suffering from the phenomena of low-fertile, ultra-aging, and low-growth. On this social flow, most social classes undergo vulnerable situation and their overall housing and living condition have difficulties. So far many housing guidelines for diverse population were developed, recently, inclusive 'Customized Housing Design Guideline for Childcare Families' in terms of maintaining family and society has been completed. The purpose of this study is to analyze User Benefit Characteristics of 'Customized Housing Design Guideline for Childcare Families'. The research subjects are essential 140 guidelines appropriate to children's development and parents' care. The research method is contents analysis and the analysis criterion are 4 concepts of the User Benefit Criteria- 'Behavioral Facilitation (BF)', 'Physiological Maintenance (PhM)', 'Perceptual Maintenance (PM)', 'Social Facilitation (SF)'. 3 people inter-raters reliability was established. Altogether, the guidelines were rated in the order of PhM>PM>BF>SF, and these characteristics are similar as common universal design guidelines. This showed the supportability of spatial characteristics in the guidelines related to user's special behaviors. Also, the results show the importance of outdoor space planning for safe social interactions. The supportable characteristics of 'Customized Housing Design Guideline for Childcare Families' could be expected to efficiently apply for new housing development in the future.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.2 s.92
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• pp.250-257
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• 2006

Foodservice industry and distribution business could make mutual prpgress when they join forces in responding to environmental uncertainty in an efficient manner. The purpose of this study was to examine the relational characteristics of domestic food service businesses and distribution firms in conjunction with the distribution channels and ensuing conflicts between them, to present possible alternatives on and how they should communicate with each other to achieve a satisfactory result. The relational characteristics and ensuing conflicts of food service businesses and distribution firms appeared to be significantly characterized by incongruities of target, role and perception. The types of relational characteristics that were triggered by the disagreement of roles and perception combined to decrease the intensity of the relational commitment. A satisfactory transactional relationship served to ease their conflicts caused by perceptual disagreement, and the soos of conflicts that were rooted in the discord of roles and of perception that increased the degree of relational commitment. As for relational performance, relational commitment, satisfaction with distribution channel and satisfaction with suppliers allowed them to maintain their relationship on a long-term basis.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2015

It is widely accepted that Parkinson's disease(PD) is the most common cause of hypokinetic dysarthria, and its characteristics of 'short rushes of speech' have become more evident along with the severity of motor disorders. Speech alternate motion rates (AMRs) are particularly useful for observing not only rate abnormalities but also deviant speech. However, relatively little is known about the characteristics of 'short rushes of speech' in terms of AMRs of PD except for the perceptual characteristics. The purpose of this study was to examine which acoustic features of 'short rushes of speech' in terms of AMRs are a robust indicator of Parkinsonian speech. Numbers of syllabic repetitions (/pə/, /tə/, /kə/) in AMR tasks were analyzed through acoustic methods observing a spectrogram of the Computerized Speech Lab in 9 patients with PD. Acoustically, we found three characteristics of 'short rushes of speech': 1) Vocalized consonants without closure duration(VC) 76.3%; 2) No consonant segmentation(NC) 18.6%; 3) No vowel formant frequency(NV) 5.1%. Based on these results, 'short rushes of speech' may affect the failure to reach and maintain the phonatory targets. In order to best achieve the therapeutic goals, and to make the treatment most efficacious, it is important to incorporate training methods which are based on both phonation and articulation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.3-10
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• 2010

In the history of art and architecture, there are different characteristics in relationship between light and space. Among them, two characteristics seem to be fundamental : The first is that contrast between light and darkness is more articulated. Direct sunlight penetrates into the dark interior space made by heavy masonry structure. This is generally found in the traditional western religious buildings. The second is that light is mixed with darkness and becomes shade. Shade is different from shadow that is usually perceived as the opposite of light. Sunlight is filtered under through the big horizontal roof and rice paper walls in the traditional far-east Asian architecture and becomes weak ambient light. In this shade, there is no strong contrast between light and darkness. This difference is not only originated from the architectural differences, but also originated from the conceptual differences about light, space, and the world in two cultures. This paper tries to study the philosophical, aesthetical backgrounds as well as case examples in art and architecture of two characteristics. Based on the case studies, this paper aims to analyze the main perceptual structure. Finding the relationship between light, space, and human body by making three dimensional models is the crucial analysis method of this research. Although in real life and experiencing the world, these two characteristics are not clearly separated, comparative study based on different cultures gives opportunity to think of diverse perspectives on light and space.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.781-806
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to examine the change in the beliefs of regular classroom teachers after participating in a gifted education lectures and practicum as well as the effectiveness of the lectures and practicum. Each teacher was asked to complete a pre-/ a mid-/ and post-journal, detailing their expected characteristics and then describing what occurred and how their initial expectations were altered. The teachers mentioned high thinking skills, creativity, fast problem solving skills, and a lack of communication skills as intellectual characteristics of gifted students and high motivation and task commitment as social characteristics. They mentioned the characteristics in textbooks on pre- and mid-journals, but presented their observations in post-journals such as lack of communication skills, competitive spirit, and frustrations. The study found that teachers broadened their view of giftedness, recognized the need to adapt instructions for gifted students, realized the necessity of knowing the students to differentiate instruction patterns, and emphasized teaching-learning strategies for the gifted. These results contribute to the promise of having regular classroom teachers engage in a field experience with gifted students to supplement discussions about gifted education lectures.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.109-121
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• 2013

This study examined several kinematic properties of the primary articulator (the tongue dorsum) and the supplementary articulator (the jaw) in the articulation of the voiceless velar stop (/k/) within nonassimilating contexts. We examined in particular the spatiotemporal properties (constriction duration and constriction maxima) from the constriction onset to the constriction offset by analyzing a velar (/k/) followed by the coronal fricative (/s/), the coronal stop (/t/), and the labial (/p/) in across-word boundary conditions (/k#s/, /k#t/, and /k#p/). Along with these measurements, we investigated intergestural temporal coordination between C1 and C2 and the jaw articulator in relation to its coordination with the articulation of consonant sequences. The articulatory movement data was collected by means of electromagnetic midsagittal articulometry (EMMA). Four native speakers of Seoul Korean participated in the laboratory experiment. The results showed several characteristics. First, a velar (/k/) in C1 was not categorically reduced. Constriction duration and constriction degree of the velar (/k/) were similar within nonassimilating contexts (/k#s/=/k#t/=/k#p/). This might mean that spatiotemporal attributes during constriction duration were stable and consistent across different contexts, which might be subsequently associated with the nontarget status of the velar in place assimilation. Second, the gestural overlap could be represented as the order of /k#s/ (less) < /k#p/ (intermediate) < /k#t/ (more) as we measured the onset-to-onset lag (a longer lag indicated shorter gestural overlap.). This indicates a gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts may not be constrained by any of the several constraints including the perceptual recoverability constraint (e.g., more overlap in Front-to-Back sequences compared to the reverse order (Back-to-Front) since perceptual cues in C1 can be recovered anytime during C2 articulation), the low-level speech motor constraint (e.g., more overlap in lingual-nonlingual sequences as compared to the lingual-lingual sequences), or phonological contexts effects (e.g., similarity in gestural overlap within nonassimilating contexts). As one possible account for more overlap in /k#t/ sequences as compared to /k#p/, we suspect speakers' knowledge may be receptive to extreme encroachment on C1 by the gestural overlap of the coronal in C2 since it does not obscure the perceptual cue of C1 as much as the labial in C2. Third, actual jaw position during C2 was higher in coronals (/s/, /t/) than in the labial (/p/). However, within the coronals, there was no manner-dependent jaw height difference in C2 (/s/=/t/). Vertical jaw position of C1 and C2 was seen as inter-dependent as higher jaw position in C1 was closely associated with C2. Lastly, a greater gap in jaw height was associated with longer intergestural timing (e.g., less overlap), but was confined to the cluster type (/kp/) with the lingual-nonlingual sequence. This study showed that Korean jaw articulation was independent from coordinating primary articulators in gestural overlap in some cluster types (/k#s/, /k#t/) while not in others (e.g., /k#p/). Overall, the results coherently indicate the velar stop (/k/) in C1 was robust in articulation, which may have subsequently contributed to the nontarget status of the velar (/k/) in place assimilation processes.