• Title/Summary/Keyword: Percentage of Substitution

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Functional Properties of Cholesterol-removed Compound Whipping Cream by Palm Oil

  • Shim, S.Y.;Ahn, J.;Kwak, H.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.857-862
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    • 2004
  • The present study was carried out to examine the changes in functional properties of cholesterol-removed compound whipping cream made by $\beta$-CD treated cream and palm oil. Six different ratios of cream to palm oil (10:0 as control, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5, v/v) were tested. The overrun percentage increased with an increased amount of palm oil. When the ratio of cream to palm oil was 10:0 (control), the overrun was 130%, which was significantly lower than other ratios reached to 150%. Foam instability was measured as 3.1 ml defoamed cream in control, however, the value of foam instability decreased with an increase of palm oil addition. The TBA value of cholesterol-removed compound whipping cream increased from 0.08 to 0.13 with no addition of palm oil during 4 wk storage. When the ratio of cream to palm oil was 5:5, TBA value increased dramatically at 3 wk and thereafter. Among sensory characteristics, texture value increased with higher amount of palm oil, however, flavor and overall preferences were opposite. Above results indicated that partial substitution of palm oil in manufacture of cholesterol-removed compound whipping cream resulted in a stable foam development with little adverse effect on flavor and lipid oxidation during storage. The present study showed a possible application in manufacture of cholesterol-removed compound whipping cream, which may be effective in other foods.

A study of phonological regression in 2-6 years of Korean children (서울-경기 지역 2-6세 아동의 발달기적 음운변동에 관한 연구 - 자음을 중심으로 -)

  • Kim Young-Tae
    • MALSORI
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    • no.21_24
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    • pp.3-24
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    • 1992
  • This study was designed to investigate the changes of phonological processes in normal Korean children aged from 2- to 6-years. Forty eight children who lived in Seoul or Kyung-Ki do were tested with a picture articulation test and their articulation errors including omissions, additions and substitutions were coded into phonological processes. Those phonological processes were discussed in several ways: syllable structure, place, manner, assimilation, tenseness, and aspiration of sounds. Data were analyzed by two ways: (1) number of subjects who showed each process and (2) percentage of occurrence of each process. Analyses in omission-addition processes demonstrated that postvocalic omission occurred most frequently, followed by velar-, alveolar-, and glottal omission. Analyses in substitution processes showed that fronting (palatal and velar), backing (alveolar), and alveolization occurred most frequently in terms of the place of sounds. In terms of assimilation, alveolar-, stopping, and aspiration assimilation occurred frequently. Analyses by the tenseness and aspiration showed similar occurrences among the 4 processes, with slightly higher occurrences in tensing and aspiration than lanxing and deaspiration. All of the processes decreased by age. The numbers of the processes showed by more than half of the children or exceeded 10% of occurrence were 20 in 2-years of age, 10 in 3-years of age, 1 in 4-years of age, and none in ages of 5 and 6.

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Biological Characteristics and Nucleotide Relationships in Korean Tomato spotted wilt virus Isolates

  • Cho, Jeom-Deog;Kim, Jeong-Soo;Kim, Jin-Young;Choi, Gug-Seoun;Chung, Bong-Nam
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.26-37
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    • 2009
  • Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was identified from seven plants at two areas, Anyang and Dangjin, in Korea. The isolates of TSWV were seven as TSWV-KATm from tomato, TSWV-KAPo from potato, TSWV-KABal from balsam, TSWV-KACTm from cherry tomato and TSWV-KAIxe from Ixeris dentata at Anyang area, and TSWV-KDSe from sesame and TSWV-KDRP from red pepper at Dangjin area. Pathogenicity of seven TSWV isolates was various on the assay plants, and could not be grouped definitely. Three isolates of TSWV-KAIxe, TSWV-KACTm and TSWV-KABal had relatively narrower host ranges among the seven isolates. Percentage of nucleotide substitution in nucleotide sequences encoding nucleocapsid protein (NCP) was 1.2-1.7% among seven TSWV isolates and TSWV-KP. Korean TSWV isolates were divided into three groups by nucleotide homology or amino acid compositions. From the analysis of nucleotide sequences of Korean TSWV isolates compared with those of TSWV reported from other 5 countries including Japan, the Korean seven isolates of TSWV was grouped with German TSWV (D13926). No Korean TSWV isolates were grouped with those from The Netherlands, Brazil and USA.

Visible light assisted photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using Ni doped Co-Zn nanoferrites

  • Thakur, Preeti;Chahar, Deepika;Thakur, Atul
    • Advances in nano research
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.415-426
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    • 2022
  • Nickel substituted cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoparticles with composition Co0.5Zn0.5NixFe2-xO4 (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) were synthesized using a wet chemical method named citrate precursor method. Various characterizations of the prepared nanoferrites were done using X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform spectroscopy technique (FT-IR). XRD confirmed the formation of cubic spinel structure of the samples with single phase having one characteristic peak at (311). The value of optical band gap (Eg) was found to decrease with Ni substitution and have values in the range 2.30eV to 1.69eV. A Fenton-type system was created by photocatalytic activity using source of visible light for removal of methylene blue dye. Observations revealed increase in the degradation of methylene blue dye with increasing nickel content in the samples. The degradation percentage was increased from 77.32% for x = 0.25 to 90.16% for x = 1.0 in one hour under the irradiation of visible light. Also, the degradation process was found to have pseudo first order kinetics model. Hence, it can be observed that synthesized nickel doped cobalt-zinc ferrites have good capability for water purification and its degradation efficiency enhanced with increase in nickel concentration.

Effects of Different Levels of Crushed Bamboo Chip on Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Holstein Steers (파쇄 대나무 급여수준이 젖소 거세우의 성장과 도체특성에 미치는 영향)

  • 안병홍;강춘성;추교문;조희웅
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.401-414
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    • 2006
  • Twenty eight Holstein steers 12 months old and weighing about 300kg were andomly allotted into one of four groups being fed ammoniated rice straw(ARS) and substituted 30%, 40% and 50% crushed bamboo chip for ARS to determine the effects of different levels of bamboo chip on performance, digestibility and carcass characteristics. Daily weight gain was reduced as the substitution levels of bamboo chip for ARS as a roughage source increased but there were no differences in daily weight gain between steers fed ARS alone and 30% bamboo chip for ARS. Concentrates intakes were not different between treatments by the substitution levels of bamboo chip for the whole fattening period. Roughage intake tended to increase as the substitution levels of bamboo chip increased. Total feed intake was not affected by the substitution levels of bamboo chip. However, feed efficiency got worse with increasing levels of bamboo chip. Animals fed the roughage substituting 30% bamboo chip for ARS were higher in profit by 13% than animals fed ARS alone as a roughage source. Digestibilities of Dry matter(DDM) and crude fiber(DCF) were highest in animals fed ARS alone as a roughage source. DDM's were lower in higher substitution levels of crushed bamboo chip but there were no differences in DCF among animals fed different levels of bamboo chip as a roughage source. Crude protein digestibility was not affected by ammoniated rice straw or by the different levels of bamboo chip. Dressing percentage and backfat thickness were not affected by ammoniated rice straw or by the levels of bamboo chip but ribeye area was narrowed as the levels of bamboo chip increased. Beef color, fat color, texture, maturity and marbling score were not affected by feeding of ammoniated rice straw or by the levels of bamboo chip. According to these results, it may be concluded that profit can increase when Holstein bulls are castrated and roughage containing ammoniated rice straw plus 30% bamboo chip is offered.

cDNA Cloning and Polymorphism of the Porcine Carbonic Anhydrase III (CA3) Gene

  • Wu, J.;Deng, Changyan;Xiong, Y.Z.;Zhou, D.H.;Lei, M.G.;Zuo, B.;Li, F.E.;Wang, J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.324-328
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    • 2006
  • Carbonic anhydrase III (CA3) is a member of a multigene family that encode carbonic anhydrase isozymes. In this study, a complete coding sequence of the pig CA3 gene which encodes a 260 amino-acid protein was determined. The amino acid comparison showed high sequence similarities with previously identified human (86.5%) CA3 gene and mouse (91.5%) Car3 gene. The partial genomic DNA sequences were also investigated. The length of intron 1 was 727 bp. Comparative sequencing of three pig breeds revealed that there was a T${\rightarrow}$C substitution at position 363 within intron 1. The substitution was situated within a NcoI recognition site and was developed as a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker for further use in population variation investigations and association analysis. Two alleles (A and B) were identified, and 617 bp fragments were observed for the AA genotype and 236 bp and 381 bp fragments for the BB genotype. The polymorphism of CA3 was detected in 8 pig breeds. Allele B was predominant in the Western pig breeds. In addition, association studies of the CA3 polymorphism with carcass traits in 140 $Yorkshire{\times}Meishan$ $F_2$ offspring showed that the NcoI PCR- RFLP genotype may be associated with variation in several carcass traits of interest for pig breeding. Allele B was associated with increases in lean meat percentage, loin eye height and loin eye area. Statistically significant association with backfat thickness was also found; pigs with the AB genotype had much less backfat thickness than AA or BB genotypes.

Flock composition, breeding strategies and farmers' traits of interest evaluation of Wollo highland sheep and their F1 crosses

  • Amare, Tadesse;Goshu, Gebeyehu;Tamir, Berhan
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.60 no.5
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    • pp.14.1-14.12
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    • 2018
  • Background: Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. The country owing to the large population of 30.70 million estimated numbers of sheep in the country and out of which about 72.14% are females, and 27.86% are males with diverse genetic resources. The real value of indigenous breeds was often under-estimated mostly due to their poor appearance and relatively low productivity. Developing countries in most cases opt for exotic breeds to increase animal productivity through crossbreeding or breed substitution without properly investigating the production potential of the indigenous breeds. The main objective of the research was to identify sheep flock composition and structure, farmers' traits of interest and breeding objective of Wollo highland sheep, and their $F_1$ crossbreed progenies. Results: Smallholder farmers' flock synthesized from breeding ewes, breeding rams, pre-weaned ewe lambs, pre-weaned ram lambs, unproductive ewes, castrated and fattened rams, with the percentage coverage of 29.2, 13.3, 15.5, 16.5, 12.4, and 12.5%, respectively. The maximum number of flock size was 289.0 sheep per flock and higher in the third stratum. The off-take rate percentage of the three strata presented as 21.9% in 1st stratum, 12% in the 2nd stratum, and 16.4% in the 3rd stratum and higher off-take rate recorded in the first stratum. Sheep producer's traits of interest ranked by growth rate (first), body size (second) and marketing value was third rank. Communal breeding (random mating), village based controlled breeding, mixed type and private ram controlled breeding practice were comprised of 39.7, 61.7, 52 and 71.3%, respectively. The percentages of ewes per flock composition were presented as 36.5, 27.1 and 25.5%, respectively in the 3rd stratum, 2nd stratum and 3rd stratum in the order of their importance's. Conclusion: Genetic improvement practices at smallholder sheep producers situation was showing promising outcome with indigenous Washera $F_1$ crossbred lambs and which designated for weaning rate, body size, marketing age, age at first lambing, good temperament and large litter size in the order of their rank. The contemporary breeding practice tendency indicated that, reduced flock size to improve flock productivity via crossbreeding practices.

Comparison of Blenderized Diets and Commercial Enteral Formulas in the Unconscious Tube-fed Patients (의식불명 환자에서 경과급식에 의한 혼합형 식사와 상업용 조합식이의 효과 비교)

  • 정상섭
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.345-354
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    • 1995
  • Blenderized diets are not recommended because of difficulties in providing a constant content of nutrients, phoblems with viscosity and osmolarity, time needed for preparation, and increased risk of contamination. To determine the possibility of substituting commercial formulas for blenderized diets, 27 unconscious patients were randomized into two different groups : blenderized diet group(n=11) and commercial formula group(n=16). Blenderized diets were composed of food sources such as rice, milk, egg, juices and others, and its energy percentage of protein, fat, and carbohydrate was 15%, 30%, and 55%, respetively. Commercial enteral formulas provided 1 kcal/ml and the energy percentage of protein, fat and carbohydrate was 25%, 20% and 55% in greenbia(G) and 20%, 20%, and 60% in Greenbia-DM(GD), repectively. In commercial formula group, five patients with diarrhea, constipation, and high blood glucose level received GD, and the other eleven patients received G. All patients received their lipuid diet for 4 weeks through 16 French rubber nasogastric tube by bolus feeding 6 times daily. The patients in commercial formula group had a similar mean daily calorie intake to the patient in blenderized diet group, 32-34kcal/kg/d and 30-35kcal/kg/d, respectively. Patients given commercial formula gained an averge of 1.7kg in weight but those given blenderized diet lost an average of 2.6kg. There was a trend toward an increase in percent ideal body weight in commercial formula group(94$\pm$5 vs 99$\pm$6%). However, blenderized diet group showed a trend toward a decrease in percent ideal body weight(106$\pm$5 vs $101\pm$6%). The initial levels of total lymphocyte counts, serum albumin and tranferrin were below the normal rante, The mean daily protein intake was significanlty higher for commercial formula group(2.0-2.1g/kg/d) than for blenderized diet group(1.1-1.3g/kg/d). Patient fed cormmercial formula for 4 weeks showed a trend toward an increase in serum albumin(8.1%) and a significant increase in serum transferrin(32.1%) without increasing the levels of blood glucose. GOT, GPT, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. In the blenderized diet group, however, no significant improvement were obseved in the concentration of serum albumin and transferin, compared to initial value. There was a trend toward a decrese in the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit in blenderized deit group but no significnat change in commercial formulas goups. All patients tolerated both diets well and no significant complications were encountered. The results indicate that the commercial enteral formulas tested in this study can be an effective substitution for blenderized diet in unconscious tube-fed patients.

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The Effects of Estrogen Receptor Locus on Reproductive Tracts Components and Performance Traits in Large White×Meishan F2 Offspring

  • Li, Fenge;Lei, Minggang;Zheng, Rong;Zuo, Bo;Jiang, Siwen;Deng, Changyan;Xiong, Yuanzhu
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.17 no.9
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    • pp.1223-1226
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    • 2004
  • Previously candidate gene approach revealed estrogen receptor (ESR) locus was associated with increased litter size. In this study, PvuII polymorphisms of ESR gene was detected by PCR-RFLP, and ESR locus was evaluated for its association with reproductive tracts components in the Large $White{\times}Meishan$ ($LW{\times}M$) F2 offspring. Ninety seven gilts with reproductive tracts components records and 136 offspring with performance traits records were genotyped and the results were used to estimate allele substitution effects. The results showed that two alleles (A and B) were identified, and 121 bp fragments were observed for the AA genotype and 65 bp and 56 bp fragments for the BB genotype; the length of uterine body (LUB) of BB gilts were significantly shorter than AA gilts', the additive effect was -1.762 cm; the uterine weight (UW) of AB gilts were significantly lighter than AA gilts' with the additive effect -18.058 g; no significant associations of ESR alleles with ovulation rate (OR), length of uterine horn (LUH), length of uterine cervix (LUC), weight of two ovaries (OW), volume of uterine lumen (VUL), length of oviduct (LO) were observed. BB genotypes gilts need significantly less days to 100 kg ($D_{100kg}$) than AA genotypes (p<0.01), the additive effect was per copy of B allele. Allele B is also favorable for average daily gain (ADG), with additive effect 0.015 kg/d (p<0.05). There was no difference between genotypes for backfat thickness at the 13th rib (SF13), loin meat height (ELMH), and loin meat percentage was estimated (ELMP), individual birth weight (IBW) and teat number (TN).

Experimental and statistical analysis of hybrid-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete

  • Tahmouresi, Behzad;Koushkbaghi, Mahdi;Monazami, Maryam;Abbasi, Mahdi Taleb;Nemati, Parisa
    • Computers and Concrete
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.193-206
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    • 2019
  • Although concrete is the most widely used construction material, its deficiency in shrinkage and low tensile resistance is undeniable. However, the aforementioned defects can be partially modified by addition of fibers. On the other hand, possibility of adding waste materials in concrete has provided a new ground for use of recycled concrete aggregates in the construction industry. In this study, a constant combination of recyclable coarse and fine concrete aggregates was used to replace the corresponding aggregates at 50% substitution percentage. Moreover, in order to investigate the effects of fibers on mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete, the amounts of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% steel fibers (ST) and 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% polypropylene (PP) fibers by volumes were used individually and in hybrid forms. Compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption, toughness, elastic modulus and shrinkage of samples were investigated. The results of mechanical properties showed that PP fibers reduced the compressive strength while positive impact of steel fibers was evident both in single and hybrid forms. Tensile and flexural strength of samples were improved and the energy absorption of samples containing fibers increased substantially before and after crack presence. Growth in toughness especially in hybrid fiber-reinforced specimens retarded the propagation of cracks. Modulus of elasticity was decreased by the addition of PP fibers while the contrary trend was observed with the addition of steel fibers. PP fibers decreased the ultrasonic pulse velocity slightly and had undesirable effect on water absorption. However, steel fiber caused negligible decline in UPV and a small impact on water absorption. Steel fibers reduce the drying shrinkage by up to 35% when was applied solely. Using fibers also resulted in increasing the ductility of samples in failure. In addition, mechanical properties changes were also evaluated by statistical analysis of MATLAB software and smoothing spline interpolation on compressive, flexural, and indirect tensile strength. Using shell interpolation, the optimization process in areas without laboratory results led to determining optimal theoretical points in a two-parameter system including steel fibers and polypropylene.