• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.199-207
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• 2021

Objectives: Physical inactivity is the fourth leading global risk factor for mortality, followed by obesity. The combination of these risk factors is associated with non-communicable diseases, impaired physical function, and declining mental function. The World Health Organization recommends physical activity to reduce the mortality rate. Thus, this study examined the effects on anthropometric measurements of a 12-week walking program for elderly people in Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia with a 7000-step goal and weekly group walking activities. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 109 elderly people with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m². BMI, body composition, and average daily steps were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, and repeated-measures analysis of variance with the paired t-test for post-hoc analysis was conducted. Results: In total, 48 participants in the intervention group and 61 participants in the control group completed the study. A significant interaction was found between time and group. The post-hoc analysis showed a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention (within the intervention group). The post-intervention analysis revealed an increase in the mean number of daily steps by 3571.59, with decreases in body weight (-2.20 kg), BMI (-0.94 kg/m²), body fat percentage (-3.52%), visceral fat percentage (-1.29%) and waist circumference (-2.91 cm). Skeletal muscle percentage also showed a significant increase (1.67%). Conclusions: A 12-week walking program combining a 7000-step goals with weekly group walking activities had a significant effect on the anthropometric measurements of previously inactive and overweight/obese elderly people.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Objective: We compare the effects of three different approved sources of supplemental zilpaterol on growth-performance responses and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs. Methods: Twenty four Pelibuey${\times}$Katahdin lambs ($46.75{\pm}2.43kg$) were used in a 33-day feeding trial. Lambs were fed a dry rolled corn-based finishing diet. Treatments consisted of the non-supplemental basal diet (Control) versus the basal diet supplemented with 125 mg zilpaterol/kg of diet (as fed basis) from three commercial sources marketed in Mexico: Zilmax (ZIL), Grofactor, and Zipamix. Results: Compared to controls, zilpaterol (ZH) supplementation did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), but increased carcass adjusted daily weight gain (ADG, 36.7%), gain efficiency (34.2%), and dietary net energy (26.0%), and decreased (23.4%) the ratio of observed:expected DMI. Compared to controls, supplemental ZH increased hot carcass weight (6.4%), dressing percentage (3.2%), m. longissimus thoracis (LM) area (15.6%), and shoulder muscle:fat ratio (28.7%), but decreased kidney-pelvic-heart fat, and fat thickness. Supplemental ZH increased 10.9% and 14.3% whole cut weight of loin and leg, respectively, and the proportion (as percentage of cold carcass weight) of leg (4.3%). These increases were reflected in greater forequarter and hindquarter weights. Lambs fed ZH increased (4.6%) empty body weight (EBW) and reduced (14.7%) liver/spleen weight (as g/kg EBW). Likewise, ZH supplementation tended (p = 0.08) to lower (8.9%) visceral fat. Growth performance, energetic efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, LM area and whole cuts were not different across supplemental ZH sources. However, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreased carcass fat distribution, including fat thickness, percentage kidney pelvic and heart fat, shoulder fat, and visceral fat. Conclusion: Supplemental ZH increases ADG, gain efficiency, carcass dressing percentage, and LM area. The magnitude of these responses was similar among ZH sources. Nevertheless, compared with non-supplemented controls, only ZIL appreciably decreases carcass fat. The basis for this is uncertain, but indicative that some practical differences in zilpaterol bio-equivalency may exist across commercial sources tested.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1988

This study was conducted to obtain more detailed information on the characteristics of body fat distribution, genetic variation and correlation of fat amount at different location in broiler type chicken. A total of 429 offsprings, produced by mating 13 sires with 52 dams of WPR, were used for this study. All experimental analyses were made on dressed carcasses of 8 weeks of age. The average live body weight was 1,856g in male and 1,483g in female, the proportions of each part to live body weight were higher in male group except skin and abdominal fat pad. The total body fat was more in male (40.76g), but fat rate of total body, skin, and abdomen to live body weight were significantly higher in female group. The fat percentages in each body location were significantly higher in the fatty group and in each sex. The rates of abdominal fat to total body fat were increased by fattening, while subcutaneous fat percentages were lowered. There were high correlations between body weight and fat deposit in each location. The genetic correlation coefficients of body weight to fat percentages of skinned carcass, skin, abdomen, and total body fat to live body weight were negative in both sexes, but those to total body fat, eviscerated carcass fat, and skin fat were positive. In conclusion, the fat weight and fat percentage in individual chickens became higher by fattening however, genetic correlation between live body weight and percentages total body fat to live body weight were so low(negative) that decreasing body fat could be possible without decreasing body weight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.532-539
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine age-related changes in the percentage content of edible and non-edible components in broiler chickens. The experimental materials comprised 240 Ross 308 chicks (sex ratio 1:1) raised to 10 weeks of age and fed standard diets ad libitum. Starting from the first week of rearing, every 7 days 10 males and 10 females were selected randomly for slaughter and post-slaughter analysis. The data obtained were verified statistically. The percentage content of edible components increased and the percentage content of non-edible parts decreased as the chicks grew older. In broilers aged 1 week and 10 weeks, edible components accounted for 47.0% and 66.4% total body weight, respectively. The share of muscle tissue increased considerably over this period, from 30.9% total body weight in week 1 to 52.4% in week 10. An increase in the percentage of skin and subcutaneous fat was observed for the first three weeks only, while the percentage content of giblets (in contrast to the remaining edible parts) decreased with age. For non-edible parts, the share of bones diminished by 2.5% and the proportion of slaughter offal reduced by 13.8%. A rising tendency was noted with respect to feathers and abdominal fat, while the content of the remaining offal decreased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 1995

This paper presents results from a study of the effects of age and sex on body and carcass composition of different goat genotypes. A completely randomized $3{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial design was used. Factors were genotype (Thai Native; TN, $50%TN{\times}50%$ Anglo-Nubian (AN) and $25%TN{\times}75%AN$ goats), age ($206{\pm}8$, $349{\pm}9$ and $428{\pm}8days$ or 6.9, 11.6 and 14.3 months, respectively) and sex (male and female). It was shown that TN kids had significantly higher (p < 0.05) hind percentage (7.9%) compared with $50%TN{\times}50% AN$ (7.2%) and $25%TN{\times}75%AN$ (7.1 %) kids. TN kids had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher heart percentage (0.44%) than that of $25%TN{\times}75%AN$ kids (0.38%). However, there was no significant difference in heart percentage between TN and $50%TN{\times}50%AN$ and between $50% TN{\times}50%AN$ and $25%TN{\times}75%AN$ kids. TN and $50%TN{\times}50%AN$ kids had significantly higher (p < 0.05) carcass muscle content (63.1 and 63.7%, respectively) than did $25%TN{\times}75%AN$ kids (59.9%). Kids at 6.9 months of age had significantly higher percentages of hide, feet, intestinal tract, liver, heart, kidneys and carcass bone than those of kids at 11.6 and 14.3 months of age. There were no significant differences in these characteristics between kids at 11.6 and 14.3 months of age. However, kids at 11.6 and 14.3 months of age had significantly higher percentages of omental fat, dressing carcass, muscle, total fat (subcutaneous + intermuscular + kidney and pelvic fat), muscle to bone ratios (MBR), and muscle plus fat to bone ratios (MFBR) than those of kids at 6.9 months. Males had significantly higher gut contents, but lower percentages of liver, omental fat and heart. Prediction equations were developed relating empty body weight (EBW) to hot carcass weight and some dissectible carcass fractions.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.412-419
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a walking and resistance exercise on body composition and lipid profile in obese women. Methods: Fourty three women were assigned to experimental group (n=21) or control group (n=22). The walking and resistance exercise using elastic band was provided three times a week for 12 weeks. Weight, height, body mass index, body fat percentage, abdominal fatness, skeletal muscle mass, body fatness, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol were measured before and after the program. Paired and independent t-tests were performed using SAS program. Results: Weight (t=-5.35, p<.001), body mass index (t=-4.12, p<.001), body fat percentage (t=-2.33, p =.026), and body fatness (t=-4.32, p<.001) were significantly decreased and skeletal muscle mass (t=2.09, p =.044) was significantly increased after the walking and resistance exercise. Also, total cholesterol (t=-3.03, p =.006) and LDL cholesterol (t=-2.70, p =.011) were significantly decreased and HDL cholesterol (t=2.05, p =.046) was significantly increased after the exercise program. Conclusion: According to the study result, exercise led a positive outcome on obese women in their 30~40s. The walking and resistance exercise will contribute to the improving body composition and lipid profile in this population.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.390-399
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of smartphone apps applying BodyThink program on BMI, percentage of body fat, skeletal muscle rate, body image, and self-esteem of adolescent girls. Methods: Sixty-eight high school girls with a BMI of over $25kg/m^2$ were recruited to participate in this study. Girls from four schools were divided into two groups: the experimental group, which used the smartphone apps applying BodyThink program, and the control group, which used smartphone apps and small group counseling. The experimental group received the BodyThink program 6 times, scheduled once a week, with each session lasting 40~50 minutes. Test measures were completed before and after the 6 week intervention period for all participants. Collected data was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ test, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test with the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: The girls in the experimental group significantly improved their results in BMI(Z=-1.67, p=.042), percentage of body fat (Z=-3.01, p=.001), skeletal muscle rate (t=-3.50, p<.001), and self-esteem (t=2.66, p=.005) after the program, compared to the girls in the control group. Conclusion: Mobile applications applying psychological and emotional intervention programs have the potential to be effective alternative methods to improve the body composition and self-esteem of obese adolescent girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and combination exercise on physical fitness, body composition, and depression and to observe the relationship between obesity and depression. METHODS: A total of 40 obese people were divided into an aerobic exercise group ($n_1$=20) and a combination exercise group ($n_2$=20) that was performed swiss ball exercise and aerobic exercise. Each group exercised three times per week for eight weeks. Outcome measures were basic physical fitness, body composition, and depression. RESULTS: After completion of the exercise, there was a significant difference in overall physical fitness factors of percentage body fat (%body fat), strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance in the combination exercise group (p<.05). Strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance were more improved in the combination exercise group than aerobic exercise group (p<.05). However, changes of %body fat and psychological factor between the two groups were not significant. CONCLUSION: Combination exercise program has an effect on the solution of obesity in physical development and strength. Therefore, it seems to that use with better perform both aerobic exercise and Swiss ball exercise. In addition, the Swiss ball exercise, which is an easy, convenient and economical self-exercise that can be done at home, is recommended due to its positive effects on physical establishment and fitness.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.424-430
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare predictions and measurements of the resting energy expenditure (REE) of overweight and obese adult women in Korea. Methods: The subjects included 65 overweight or obese adult women ranging in age from 20~60 with a recorded body mass index (BMI) of 23 or higher. Their height, weight, waist-hip ratio, and blood pressure were measured. The investigator also measured their body fat, body fat percentage, and body composition of total weight without fat using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and measured resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Measured resting energy expenditures were compared with predictions from six methods: Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Owen, WHO-WH, Henry-WH, and KDRI. Results: Harris-Benedict predictions showed the smallest differences from measured resting energy expenditure at an accurate prediction rate of 70%. The study analyzed regression between measured resting energy expenditure and body measurements including height, weight and age. The formula proposed by this research is as follows: Proposed REE equation for overweight and obese Korean women = $721-(1.5{\times}age)+(0.4{\times}height)+(9.9{\times}weight)$. Conclusions: These findings suggest that age is a significant variable when predicting resting energy expenditure in overweight and obese women. Therefore, prediction of resting energy expenditure should consider age when determining energy requirements in overweight and obese women.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.279-289
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the physical characteristics and risk factors for hyperchol-esterolemia (HC) in Korean. 344 adult men who took the annual health check-ups at D or J hospitals were participated in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were grouped by plasma total cholesterol level in to three groups: normal cholesterolemic (n=139) borderline hypercholesterolemic(n=93) and hypercholesterolemic (n=112) groups. The data of height weight and plasma cholesterol level were col-lected from medical records. Body circumferences(midarm, waist, hip, and thight) skinfold thicknesses (biceps, triceps, subcostal, abdomen, and suprailic), and body composition (fat mass and fat free mass) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) height/weight ratio (HWR) waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) waist/ thigh circumference ratio (WTR) central skinfold thickenss (CSF) and peripheral skin-fold thickness were calculated. The subjects with HC had significantly higher weight BMI waist cir-cumference skinfold thickness and body fat mass than those of the normal subjects. The relative and attributable risks on HC were 1.61 and 0.17 for obesity (BMI$\geq$25) 1,30 and 0.11 for upper body obesity (WTR$\geq$1.30) and 1.54 and 0.18 for central body obesity (CSF$\geq$95.7). Plasma total cholesterol level was positively correlated with several antropometric parameters: BMI (p<0.001) weight(p<0.001) waist circumference(p<0.001) and skinfold thickness of abdomen (p<0.001) spraillic (p<0.01) triceps(p<0.01) subcostal (p<0.01) and biceps (p<0.05) In conclusion the major influencing factors to plasma cholesterol level was BMI. Among the each physical parameters the circumference of waist the skinfol-d thickness of abdomen and the percentage of body fat were closely related to plasma cholesterol level. The important risk factor for hypercholesterolemia was obesity specially upper body obesity and central body obesity.