• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2009

The operational effect of traffic signal control improvement was evaluated using the Two-Fluid Model. The parameters engaged in the Two-Fluid Model becomes food indicators to measure the quality of traffic flow due to the improvement of traffic signal operation. A series of experiment were conduced for the 31 signalized intersections in Uijeongbu City. To estimate the parameters in the Two-Fluid Model the trajectory informations of individual vehicles were collected using the CORSIM and Run Time Extension. The test results showed 35 percent decrease of average minimum trip time per unit distance. One of the parameters in the Two-Fluid Model is a measure of the resistance of the network to the degraded operation with the increased demand. The test result showed 28 percent decrease of this parameter. In spite of the simulation results of the arterial flow, it was concluded that the Two-Fluid Model is useful tool to evaluate the improvement of the traffic signal control system from the macroscopic aspect.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.54-90
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• 2006

Medical clinics are core institutes that cover the primary medical care in Korea. Financial viability of the clinics is essential for them to conduct their roles and functions, and can be improved by increasing their operating profitability. On this ground, this study aimed at finding important factors that affect the operating profitability, and thereby at suggesting strategic alternatives that can contribute to the improvement of the profitability. Operating margin was set as a dependent variable, and such factors as general management conditions, number of visits, medical revenue, marketing activities, input resources, medical cost as independent variables. Nineteen hypotheses related to the variables were established and tested using data collected from 138 sample clinics for the year 2003. The results of the study are as follows : Firstly, such variables as percent ratio of the depreciation plus rent costs to total administration costs, type of clinical department manifested whether medical, surgical, or quasi-surgical, percent ratio of the interior facility investment to total fixed assets, and total number of outpatient visit are important factors that affect, positively or negatively, the medical profitability of the clinics. Secondly, following measures are needed to be established and implemented to improve the medical profitability. (1) Administration costs share 53.2% of the total medical costs, and depreciation plus rent costs 16.3% of the total administration costs. This implies that such measures as reinforcement of marketing activities, establishment of the cooperative utilizing system of the facility and equipment, or group practice are needed to increase cost-effectiveness. (2) Occupancy rate of the clinics with inpatient bed is as low as 45.5%, causing high fixed costs and low medical profitability. For its improvement, the resource input structure should be reorganized. Thirdly, in the future, a study that can increase sample representativeness of the study and explanation power of the variables should be performed for each type of clinical department to find more specific determinant factors and to contribute to the improvement of the medical profitability of the clinics.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.67-75
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• 2017

Purpose: This study is for the facility eligibility and improvement evaluation analysis for the patient care environment of 7 facilities which has national inpatient isolation units. Methods: For the evaluation, first of all, the patient care environment of national inpatient isolation units are scrutinized by the checklist which is used on from 2014 with the 4 fields of criteria : architectural planning and layout, general requirement and condition for operating the negative pressured isolated patient room, HVAC system, and waste water discharging system. Finally, the evaluation results are compared with that of 2014. Results: The result shows that the average value of facility eligibility is 89.3 percent and which is 8.9 percent higher than the value before the MERS occurred. Implications: It is clear that facility remodeling of 7 institutions is being performed continuously, and the result of facility eligibility evaluation is reflected on design of a new 21 national inpatient isolation units those are going to be constructed from 2016. Therefore, it is expected that this study is used as a practical reference to establish the criteria of patient care environment management and safety management for both infectious disease outbreak and general service condition.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.819-829
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting the effective demand of workers for dental treatment in a bid to provide some information on the improvement of oral health. Methods : The subjects in this study were 255 workers who were engaged in the pharmaceutical industry. A self-administered survey was conducted, and the collected data were analyzed by a spss(statistical package for the social science) win 12.0 program to find out their demographic characteristics, oral health awareness, oral health behavior and factors for the choice of a dental institution. Results : 1. Concerning the level of oral health awareness, 47.0 percent were at a low level(0 to three scores), and 35.2 percent were at an intermediate level(four to six scores). 2. As to oral health behavior involving a daily mean toothbrushing frequency, they brushed their teeth 2.65 times per day on the average. The most widely utilized oral hygiene supply was mouth rinse. Regarding oral health status, 53.7 percent weren't in good dental health, and just 23.0 percent got a dental checkup on a regular basis. 45.8 percent of those who didn't get a dental checkup cited time constraints as the reason. 26.0 percent received oral health education, and 91.4 percent were aware of the necessity of a corporate incremental dental care system. 3. Marital status, age and the reliability of dental institutions made differences to their choice of a dental institution. 4. As for the relationship between oral health awareness and the factors for the choice of a dental institution, oral health awareness had a statistically significant positive correlation to the reliability of dental institutions. Conclusions : The above-mentioned findings suggest that oral health education enables workers to have a correct knowledge on oral health, to change their own oral health behavior and to make the right choice of a dental institution in consideration of their oral characteristics. They should be urged to get a regular dental checkup not to develop chronic oral diseases so that they couldn't have to receive first-aid dental treatment. To promote the oral health of workers, oral health care personnels available should be utilized, and the incremental dental care system should be more vitalized to cut down on their effective demand for dental treatment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.215-226
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• 2001

Objective : Spondylolisthesis has become one of the major causes of the lower back pain in the orthopedic field. We wanted to compare the radiological change with before & after treatment including constitution-acupuncture on spondylolisthesis. Methods : This study were carried out on 9 patients with spondylolisthesis. We reviewed medical records and radiological films. We studied rating score, percent of slip, sagittal angle, percent of posterior disc height. Results and conclusions : The improvement index showed 0.04, 030, 033, 0.00, 0.32 points in isthmic type, and 0.55, 0.56, 0.53, 0.00 points in degenerative type. The percent of slip for pre/post-treatment showed 20/20, 12/11, 24/20, 30/30, 4/3 percents in isthmic type, and 12/4, 16/11, 13/9, 8/8 percents in degenerative type. Sagittal angle showed 11/11, 15/12, 21/18, 17/15, 21.19 degrees in isthmic type, and 22/21, 19/15, 2/2, 8/9 degrees in degenerative type. Percent of posterior disc height were 17/18, 26/28, 24/25, 22/23, 25/27 in isthmic type, and 29/33, 37/45, 25/31, 24/24 in degenerative type. The result suggest that constitution-acupuncture and conservational treatment are good method for treatment of spondylolisthesis, and especially in degenerative type.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.623-636
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• 2006

6,161 research articles in the Life Sciences field published in domestic journals in 2004 were evaluated using bibliometrics. The total number of authors was 29,759 and the average number of authors per article was 4.8. 63.4 percent of the articles in domestic journals had more than 4 co-authors. However, this is about 25.5 percent points lower than that of Life Sciences articles in the CELL/NATURE/SCIENCE. The co-authored articles in the domestic journals mainly consist of university - university collaboration (19.9 percent). On the other hand, the co-authored articles in the CELL/NATURE/SCIENCE mainly consist of university-research institution collaboration (48.2 percent).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.265-279
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• 1975

This study was conducted to investigate the development of Gab river-basin which was a part of the farm land enlargement to contribute to the increased production of food. The results were as follows; 1. Gab river has the upper stream which occupy 50 percent in moumtains and the mid-stream in the Daejeon city area, and the downstream in a field which is about 22.9 percent in which farming area per household is 0.82 ha., agricultural population is 76 percent except of Daejeon city. Also, urban enlargement of mid-stream basin and development of industrial area in the lower stream diminish farm land. Consequently, this area should be developed to farm land to increase farming size. 2. There is no possibility to develop farm land in mountains of which (64.9 percent) is forests and in midstream which was constructed river-improvement. But Weonjeong area and Yongcheon area will be effective area. 3. If river banks of Weonjeong area will make straight with cost of construction 195,000,000 won, bank length 6 km will be useless, water will flow smoothly, flood will be prevented, farm land will develop 21.66 ha in which rice will produce annually 81.698 M/T which is about 10,860,000 won. 4. This area has good conditions of development. that is, investment efficiency (B/C) is 1.47 more than 1.00. 5. This area is a multiple purpose development district. The reasons are that there are beautiful mountains and a reservoir to be expected to construct, so it will be a sight seeing district in the vicinity of Daejeon city. 6. If Honam railway double line and river straight construction had executed simultaneously, cost of construction 50,000,000 won would have saved.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.65-76
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• 1982

This survey was conducted to investigate the status of repair and maintenance of 4 wheel tractor for a basic reference to the improvement of quality and proper utilization of tractors. Thirty two counties from eight provinces, except Jeju, were covered in this study in order to investigate annual break-down and repair of tractor in 1980. The analyzed results are summarized as follows; 1. The average number of break-down of large size tractors(47ps) was 5.0 times in a year and it was about twice of that of small size tractors(19-23ps). The break-down frequency per 100 hours of use was 1.11 times in the large size and 0.65 times in the small size tractors. 2. 75.6 percent of total break-down was occured in main body of tractor and 24.4 percent in attachments. In particular, the break-down of plow and rotavator was more than 80 percent of total break-down of the small size tractor attachments. 3. The large size tractors which were occured more than one times of break-down a year was 75 percent and its rate of the small size tractor was 62 percent. But 9 percent of tractor surveyed had more than ten times of break-down in a year 4. The frequency of break-down had a peak in May, and it was directly proportional to the hours of use. 5. The causes of break-down were poor maintenance and operation by 29.8 precent, old parts by 30.2 percent, poor quality of parts by 20.6 percent, poor field condition by 16.3 percent and others by 3.1 percent. 6. Annual number of repair was 5.5 times and among them 55.6 percent was done by shop and 44.4 percent by operator. 7. Total required repair time was 30.6 hours a year in the large size tractor and 19.9 hours in the small size tractor. Average repair time was 3.62 hours a time. 8. Annual repair cost was 278 thousand won in the large size tractor and 70 thousand won in the small size tractor. The repair cost per hour of use was 621 won in the large size and 198 won in the small size tractor. 9. The repair cost rate of tractor(Y) was regulated with tractor age (X) as follow; Y=0.752X In case of the service life of tractor was 10 years, the total repair cost rate was 64 percent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2022

Background and Objectives Injection laryngoplasty is a common method for treatment of unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Unilateral vocal fold paralysis has various causes, including idiopathic, infection, stroke, neurologic condition, surgery and nerve invasion by cancer. To the knowledge of the authors, there was no study on the relationship between the causes of vocal cord paralysis and the outcome of injection laryngoplasty. Therefore, we tried to investigate the difference in the outcomes of injection laryngoplasty between vocal cord paralysis after surgery group and nerve invasion by cancer group. Materials and Method A retrospective analysis was performed for 24 patients who underwent vocal cord injection due to unilateral vocal cord paralysis caused by surgery or nerve invasion by cancer. The objective quality of the voice was assessed by acoustic voice analysis with the Multi-Dimensional Voice Program. Results Both group showed an improvement of fundamental frequemcy (F0), jitter percent, shimmer (percent), and noise to hearmonic ratio (NHR) after injection laryngoplasty. The vocal cord paralysis due to nerve invasion group showed more improvement in both the mean and median value of F0, shimmer percent and NHR than the vocal cord paralysis due to surgery group, but there was not statistically significant. Conclusion Our study did not show a statistically significant difference in outcome between vocal cord paralysis due to cancer invasion group and surgery group, but statistically tendency was suggested. The vocal cord paralysis due to nerve invasion group showed more improvement in both the mean and median value of acoustic voice analysis than surgery group.