• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the factors influencing the fear of dementia in middle-aged and older adults. Methods: Data on the characteristics, dementia knowledge, dementia attitude, dementia health beliefs, and fear of dementia of 156 participants were collected from January 20 to March 22, 2018, using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program for descriptive statistics, using an independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Significant factors associated with fear of dementia among middle-aged and older adults were subjective life satisfaction (F=3.72, p=.006) and regular exercise (t=6.05, p=.015). Fear of dementia has positive correlations with dementia attitude, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, and perceived barrier. The determining factors affecting fear of dementia in middle-aged and older adults were perceived severity (β=.46, p<.001), followed by a perceived barrier (β=.20, p=.004) and perceived susceptibility (β=.17, p=.023), and the explanation power was about 47.8%. Conclusion: The results suggest that perceived severity, perceived barrier, and perceived susceptibility be considered in developing the nursing interventions to increase perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and to decrease perceived barrier to dementia by evaluating dementia health beliefs to manage the fear of dementia among middle-aged and older adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.356-366
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine a path analysis of perceived service quality, store image, alternative store attraction, consumer satisfaction and switching barrier perception on store loyalty in apparel product purchasing. The questionnaire was administered to 450 women shopped in a department store in Gwang-ju during September, 12-26, 2002. Data collected from 384 women were analyzed by using frequency, multiple regression analysis, path analysis by SPSS for WIN program. The results were as follows ; First, the switching barrier perception, consumer satisfaction, perceived service quality, store image significantly influenced store loyalty. Second, the consumer satisfaction, perceived service quality, store image, alternative store's attraction significantly influenced switching barrier perception. Third, the perceived service quality, store image, alternative store's attraction significantly influenced consumer satisfaction. Fourth, the perceived service quality, store image, alternative store's attraction had indirect effects on store loyalty mediated by consumer satisfaction and switching barrier perception. The consumer satisfaction had indirect effects on store loyalty mediated by switching barrier perception. In short, perceived service quality, store image, alternative store's attraction influenced on store loyalty mediated by consumer satisfaction and switching perception.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to examine and to predict the affecting factors on exercise participation of Rheumatoid arthritis Patients. The subjects were 161 adult out-patients who visited the hospital for rheumatic disease in H-university. Data were composed of self-reported questionnaire. The conceptual model of this study consisted of that personal characters(age, marriage, education, income), situational characters(pain intensity, fatigue, IADL, depression), behavioral characters(formerly exercise behavior, life-style), and cognitive-perceptional characters(perceived health status, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, perceived self-efficacy) affected directly to exercise participation. Logistic regression analysis was applied for testing model of this study. The results were as follows : 1. Personal characters(education), situational characters(pain intensity), behavioral characters(formerly exercise behavior, life-style), and cognitive characters(perceived barrier, perceived self-efficacy) were significant difference between current exercise participants(127subjects) and non-exercise participants(34). 2. Personal characters(income), situational characters(pain intensity), behavioral characters(life-style), and cognitive-perceptional characters(perceived barrier, perceived self-efficacy) were correlated to exercise participation. 3. Formerly exercise behavior, perceived barrier, and perceived self-efficacy were significant predictor of exercise participation. The logistic equation predicted overall 81.94% of this study subjects 161.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.442-451
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived health state, personality, situational barrier, health promoting behavior, to provide the basic data for health promoting intervention. Method: This study was designed as a descriptive correlation study. Data were 396 undergraduate students of one university in Chung-Buk. The instruments for this study were the modified health promoting behavior scale developed by Bak, Insuk(1995), and the modified perceived health state scale developed by Im, Meeyoung (1998), the modified personality scale developed by Park, Youngbae(1998), the modified situational barrier scale developed by Im, Meeyoung(1998). Result: The results of this study showed that the mean score for perceived health state 2.72, personality 3.35, situational barrier 2.72 and health promoting behavior 2.67. The health promoting behavior categories, scores for 'sanitary life'(3.08), 'self-actualization and interrelationship'(2.93) were higher than the mean score, whereas scores for 'healthy diet'(2.64), 'rest and sleep'(2.62), 'exercise and stress management'(2.49), and 'diet management' (2.25) were lower than the mean score. This study revealed the negative correlation between perceived health state, personality, situational barrier and health promoting behavior in undergraduate students. Conclusion: Perceived health state accounted for 16% and personality accounted for 21.3% of the variance in health promoting behavior in students. Therefore, health promoting programs that increase health state and personality should be developed to promote health behavior and to diminish situational barrier for students in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2016

Purpose: Human Papillomavirus(HPV) vaccination is the best prevention for cervical cancer. Therefore, this study was to examine the best predictors of HPV vaccination status in female nursing university students. Methods: Five hundred and forty junior and senior female nursing students from Seoul and provinces of Kyunggi, Chungcheong and Gyungsang completed paper and pencil questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression with dummy variables were conducted using SAS 9.2. Results: Of the total students, 56.8% were vaccinated. As a result of the analysis of the bivariate relationships, family economic status, school type, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefit and perceived barriers (cost, time, distance from hospital and side effects) were significantly related to vaccination status. After controlling for the general characteristics and the HPV related knowledge score, higher family economic status (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.78, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.21~11.76), private university (AOR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.14~2.53), higher perceived benefit (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.47~2.20), lower perceived barrier (cost) (AOR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74~0.99), lower perceived barrier (time) (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61~0.84), and lower perceived barrier (side effects) (AOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72~0.94) were significantly related to HPV vaccination. Perceived benefit, perceived barrier (time) and perceived barrier (side effects) were the top 3 predictors of HPV vaccination status. Conclusion: This study suggests that vaccinated female nursing students were more likely to be from higher family economic status and private universities and have a higher perception of benefit and a lower perception of barriers (cost, time, and side effects). Thus, efforts to increase HPV vaccination rates of female nursing students should focus on improving their perception of benefit while lowering their perception of barriers, particularly cost, time and side effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2022

Purpose: Based on the Health Belief Model, this study aimed to identify factors influencing on COVID-19 vaccination intention of mothers with elementary school children by examining the relationships between perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, cue to action, and perceived self-efficacy. Methods: Mothers with elementary school children were recruited from three elementary schools. An online survey was conducted of 130 mothers in November, 2021. Results: As a result, the factors influencing on vaccination intention were perceived self-efficacy (β=.33), perceived susceptibility (β=.18), perceived benefit (β=.16), and perceived barrier (β=-.17). Conclusion: Based on our findings, there is a need to develop a tailored nursing intervention that enhances perceived self-efficacy, perceived susceptibility and perceived benefit while decreasing perceived barrier in order to improve vaccination intention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.160-170
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop an explanatory model to predict factors related to continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among Korean women. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of Health Belief Model and extensive review of literature on the Pap smear screening. Exogeneous variables included in this model were knowledge, perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, negative and positive emotional responses and professional support from physicians and nurses. Endogeneous variables were threat to cervical cancer, perceived benefit of the Pap smear screening, perceived barrier, and the final outcome variable was continuous participation in the Pap smear screening. The hypothetical model was tested with an empirical study. The data was collected from 623 married women whose age range was 24 - 83 using a self-reported survey questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. It's Cronbach's alpha score ranged from .6478 to .9118. Data was collected at different locations in Seoul; a university hospital, a local health center, and apartment complexes. Data analysis was done using SPSS 7.5 WIN Program for descriptive statistics and LISREL 8.12a WIN Program for covariance structural analysis. In conclusion, threat, perceived benefit, perceived barrier, positive emotion and professional support had a significant direct effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among Korean women. The results of this study also showed that perceived barrier had the most significant direct effect on continuous participation in the Pap smear screening while negative emotional response had the most significant direct effect on perceived barrier. It can be suggested that decreasing perceived barrier by reducing negative emotional responses may be the most effective strategies for increasing continuous participation in the Pap smear screening among married Korean women.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was performed to identify factors associated with human papillomavirus vaccination intention among unvaccinated nursing students. Methods: Two hundred-and-five female nursing students from three universities completed self-administered questionnaires including participants' characteristics, human papillomavirus-related knowledge, attitude toward human papillomavirus vaccination, and human papillomavirus-related health beliefs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant independent predictors of human papillomavirus vaccination intention. Results: Of 205 participants, 134 (65.4%) reported an intention to obtain a vaccination against human papillomavirus. As a result of the analysis of the bivariate relationships, family history of cervix cancer, perceived needs, importance of prevention, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefit, and perceived barrier were significantly related to vaccination intention. A multivariate logistic regression model identified factors of human papillomavirus vaccination intention: higher importance of prevention (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 4.20, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.73~10.19), higher perceived benefit (AOR: 6.94, 95% CI: 2.01~23.98), lower perceived barrier (AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.20~0.73). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated significant factors influencing the intention to obtain human papillomavirus vaccination in unvaccinated nursing students. Also, the importance of prevention, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefit, and perceived barrier in obtaining human papillomavirus vaccination should be taken into account when developing educational programs.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-157
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• 2012

Despite the voluminous research on switching barriers, the notion that they can generate negative responses has not been investigated. Further, a critical question is what determines the strength of such negative responses. To address this question, the classic theory of psychological reactance is briefly reviewed, and the idea of switching barrier is advanced. This study attempts to suggest a model on the negative effects of switching- frustrated situation, based on the studies on psychological reactance. According to psychological reactance theory(Brehm 1966), whenever a freedom is threatened or removed, individuals are motivated, at least temporarily, to restore their freedom. For example, if individuals think they are free to engage in behaviors .v, y, or z, then threatening their freedom to engage in x would cause psychological reactance. This reactance could be reduced by an increase in the perceived attractiveness of engaging in, the threatened behavior(Kivetz 2005). This investigation seeks to extend existing switching barrier research in three important ways. First, while the past research has emphasized only positive role of switching barrier, this study address negative role of it by applying psychological reactance theory. Second, to find negative results of switching barrier, I suggest negative psychological response including regret to the past choice, resentment to the present provider, and strong desire to the alternative provider. Third, I suggest the perceived severity of the switching barriers, the attractiveness of the alternative as switching-frustrated situation which can lead to negative results. And, in addition to these relationships, I added moderated effects of perceived justice for better explanation. So this study includes the following hypotheses. H1-1 ~ H1-3: The attractiveness of the alternative has a positive effect regret to the past choice (h1-1), resentment to the present provider (h1-2), and strong desire to the alternative provider (h1-3). H2-1 ~ H2-3 : The perceived severity of the switching barrier has a positive effect regret to the past choice (h2-1), resentment to the present provider (h2-2), and strong desire to the alternative provider (h2-3). H3-1 ~ H3-3 : The positive relationships between the attractiveness of the alternative and consumer' negative responses will be stronger at low level of perceived justice than at high level of perceived justice. H4-1 ~ H4-3 : The positive relationships between the perceived severity of the switching barrier and consumer' negative responses will be stronger at low level of perceived justice than at high level of perceived justice. Survey research is employed to test hypotheses involving perceived severity of the switching barrier(Hess 2008), attractiveness of the alternative(Anderson and Narus 1990; Ohanian 1990),regret(Glovich and Medvec 1995), resentment, strong desire(Alcohol Urge Questionaire: Bohn et al. 1995), perceived justice(Bies and Moag 1986; Clemmer 1993; Lind and Tyler 1998). Previous researches, such as reactance theory, emotion and service failure, have been referenced to measure constructs. All items were measured on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". We collected data involving various service field, and used 249 respondents to analyze these data using the moderated regression. The results of our analysis suggest, as expected, that the perceived severity of the switching barrier had positive effects on regret to the past choice(b = .197, p< .01), resentment to the present provider(b = .214, p< .01), and strong desire to the alternative provider(b = .254, p< .001). And the attractiveness of the alternative had positive effects on regret to the past choice(b = .353, p<.001), resentment to the present provider(b = .174, p< .01), and strong desire to the alternative provider(b = .265, p< .001). However, our findings indicate perceived justice partly moderates relationship between switching-frustrated situation and psychological negative response. The study has brought to light a number of insights between switching barriers and consumer' negative responses that have been subject to little prior research. In particular, this study adds to the existing understanding of the psychological responses to switching barriers in switching- frustrated situation. This research therefore has significance to marketers for strategic marketing programs, particularly in terms of customer retention and switching barrier strategies. Since consumers could exhibit negative responses to switching barrier, companies would be able to lose their customer when they thoughtlessly use switching barrier for remaining customer. Although the study has these contributions, there are several limitations including unsupported hypotheses and research method. So, we need to make up for these limitations in the future researches.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-121
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to test the revised Health Promotion Model of Pender and to determine the factors to promote health behavior for adolescents' smoking behavior. The subjects of the study was 783 boys of 4 high school students. among 39. schools locating in Daejeon metropolitan city. The data was collected from July 1st to 15th. 1997 by school health nurse The research tool were HPLP of Walker. Pender. General self-efficacy scale of Sherer. control scale was measured by subconcept of hardiness scale of Pollock. and perceived barrier. perceived benefit. activity-related-affect tool were made by researcher via literature review The data were analyzed by SAS program using frequency. t-test. ANOVA. Schefee test. regression. The results were as follows 1. The mean of total health promoting behavior was $2.27\pm.35$. Among sub domain of health promoting behavior, the highest score was interpersonal support$(2.72\pm.60)$. and the lowest was health responsibility $(1.58\pm.44)$. 2. There were statistically significant difference in total health promoting behavior according to religion. parenting style. school performance. girl friend. father's smoking of individual characteristics. 3. The socioeconomic status. smoking, parent pattern. family structure of individual characteristics and experience domain associated with perceived benefit. perceived barrier. activity-related affect. interpersonal influence of behavior-specific cognition and affect domain. The perceived barrier. self-efficacy. girl friend and father's smoking of interpersonal influence. and control explained $25.8\%$ of variance of health promoting behavior. From above results school health nurse has to emphasize on health responsibility for health promotion of adolescent. But they couldn't intervene for parent pattern. socioeconomic status. family structure of individual characteristics and experience domain. it could be possible for school health nurse to promote health of adolescents through improving perceived barrier. also develop program to increase self-efficacy and through parent health class for fathers. Above results point to the importance of including parents in smoking prevention effort targeting adolescents. Because increasing control also promotes health of adolescents. it should be studied further about the specific measure. To verify the variables for increasing the fitness of health promoting model. it needs further replication of the research.