• Health Policy and Management
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.311-325
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• 2020

Background: Health statistics of pharmaceutical use and expenditure are essential to make and implement evidence-based pharmaceutical policy. This study aims to demonstrate the methods and results of pharmaceutical consumption and sales in 2018 according to the sources and methods given by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Methods: The medication list contains 39,346 medicines both reimbursed and non-reimbursed by the National Health Insurance in 2018. We used the therapeutic categories based on Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification of World Health Organization. This study analyzed National Health Insurance claims data and supply data generated from wholesalers to health care facilities. The indicators are defined daily dose (DDD), per 1,000 inhabitants per day and US$ per capita. Results: In South Korea, the number of medications to which DDD were assigned was 18,055 and it was 45.9% of the total number of medications on the list. The consumption in anti-infective for systemic use (J) and musculo-skeletal system (M) was higher than the mean consumption among the OECD countries. The pharmaceutical sales per person in Korea was also higher than the mean sales per person across the OECD countries. Conclusion: We sought to explain the methods to produce pharmaceutical consumption and sales statistics which we had submitted annually to OECD. Considering the characteristics of pharmaceutical statistics, a direct comparison should be approached with caution. Since the growth in pharmaceutical spending has greatly increased over the past decade, we need to monitor pharmaceutical consumption and expenditure consistently.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.4 s.40
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• pp.399-412
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate factors relating to fiscal deficit for regional health insurance. The financial statements for the fiscal year 1990 of nationwide 254 regional medical insurance societies were analyzed. Important findings are summarized below: 1. There were differences in the main reason fur the financial deficit among regions when deficit and surplus societies were compared by regions. The total revenue per enrollee, especially revenue from the premium contribution of a deficit society was significantly smaller than that of a surplus society in large cities and counties. On the other hand, the total expenditure per enrollee of a deficit society was larger than that of a surplus society in small cities. 2. Both low premium rate at the beginning of health insurance program and less effort to increase the premium rate were main factors for the smaller revenue from the contribution of a deficit society in large cities and counties. 3. Larger expenditures per covered person of a deficit society in small cities were explained with larger medical expenditures especially for out-patients services rather than larger administrative expenses. 4. A regression analysis showed that utilization rates in out-patient services were significantly associated with income and numbers of total medical care institution per capita within a region where a health insurance society located. Also expenses paid by insurer per visit were associated with the proportion of utilization for tertiary care hospitals as well as the proportion of utilization of public health centers.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.79-106
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• 1992

This study analyzes the determinants of wage premium, defined as the excess of actual wage rate over opportunity wage, for the average worker in a Korean bargaining unit. Average wage premium of a firm is decomposed into quasi-rent per worker and rent-sharing rule. Per capita quasi-rent, representing a firm's ability to pay, is defined as the difference between sales revenue and the opportunity cost of mobile factors, divided by the number of employees. Rent-sharing rule, a measure of workers' bargaining power, is defined as the average wage premium divided by the per capita quasi-rent. Empirical results show that the differences in wage premium among Korean bargaining units are much better explained by the differences in quasi-rent than by the differences in bargaining power. Also, comparing the results of 1986 with those of 1988 show that the wage settlement mechanism in 1988 was not quite different from that of 1986, in spite of the drastic change in industrial relation system in 1987. It may simply yield higher opportunity wages, by raising the bargaining power of overall workers. The tendency of Korean labor market in 1988 to show a dual structure of high & low wage premium sectors, is not due to the fact that the differences in bargaing powers across firms tend to expand, but to the fact that unions tend to reduce the wage differences among the workers within an enterprise by pursuing more equal distribution of total wage premium. Hence, the policies for reducing the wage differentials across firms should focus on rent-regulating industrial policies, e.g. eliminating monopoly rents by deregulation.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2015

Recently, according to the increasingly populated data, many media and organizations focus on big data, data visualization, information visualization and infographics. Domestically, Chosun.com and Hankyoreh online have improved on the data visualization field and internationally, the Guardian, Wall Street Journal, and New York Times are the leading companies on that area. Until now, many people have recognized infographics as a design-oriented product in Korea. However, one of significant data visualization programs, Tableau Public, can visualize data more efficiently. In this paper, Data Visualization Methods Quadrant for Policy Making is defined, and data analysis and producing infographics are executed. As used data, World Bank open source was adopted and using the number of passenger cars per 1,000 people, two analysis results are extracted. First, in high income group, the more GNI per capita, the lesser Slope is represented and in mid income group, the more GNI per capita positively affects to Slope. Second, in the global finance crisis, the car ownership rate was about 1.7 times than the usual state in the global economy. Through the case study, this paper suggests that the direction of producing infographics should be changed from design-oriented to data-oriented. Moreover, the data-oriented infographics should be propagated as means of scientific research and policy making.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2006

Objectives : We wanted to evaluate the economic value of a pharmaceutical product, Kremezin, for treating patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) by estimating the amount of cost savings due to its effect for delaying the initiation of dialysis treatments. Methods : We defined a conventional treatment for CRF accompanied by Kremezin therapy as 'the treatment group' and only conventional treatment as 'the alternative group.' The types of costs included were direct medical and nonmedical costs and costs of productivity loss. The information on the effect of Kremezin was obtained from the results of earlier clinical studies. Cost information was derived from the administrative data for 20 hemodialysis and 20 peritoneal dialysis patients from one tertiary care hospital, and also from the administrative data of 10 hemodialysis patients from one free-standing dialysis center. Per-capita cost savings resulting from Kremezin therapy were separately estimated for the cases with delay for the onset of hemodialysis and the cases with immediate performance of peritoneal dialysis. By computing the weighted average for the cases of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, the expected per-capita cost savings of a patient with CRF was obtained. Using a discount rate of 5%, future cost savings were converted to the present value. Results : The present value of cumulative cost savings per patient with CRF from the societal perspective would be $18,555,000{\sim}29,410,000$ Won or $72,104,000{\sim}112,523,000$ Won if Kremezin delays the initiation of dialysis by 1 or 4 years. Conclusions : The estimated amount of cost savings resulting from treating CRF patients with Kremezin confirms that its effect for delaying the onset of dialysis treatments has a considerable economic value.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2015

Although the perfomance indicators of the nuclear power plants in Korea show optimal, it requires detailed analysis and discussion centered on the radiation dose. As analysis methods, analysis on the radiation dose of nuclear power plants over the past five years was assessed by comparing the relevant radiation dose of radiation workers and per capita average annual radiation dose of the world's major nuclear power stations was also analyzed. The radiation workers over the annual radiation dose limit of 50 mSv were not. The contrast ratio of the radiation exposure according to the reactor type was the normal operation of PHWR was 6.2% higher than those of the PWR. This shows the radiation work of PHWR during normal driving operation is much more than those of PWR. According to the Performance Indicators of the World Association of Nuclear Operator, the annual radiation dose per unit in 2013 showed 527 man-mSv of Korea is the best country among the major nuclear power generating states, the world average was 725 man-mSv. The annual per capita radiation dose is about 80% less than 1 mSv of the public dose limit and also the average per capita dose showed a very low level as 0.82 mSv. Workers in related organizations showed 1.07 mSv, the non-destructive inspection agency workers showed 3.87 mSv. The remarkable results were due to radiation reduced program such as development of radiation shielding and radiation protection. In conclusion, the radiation exposured dose of nuclear power plants workers in Korea showed a trend which is ideally reduced. But more are expected to be difficul and the psychological insecurity against the operation of the nuclear power plants is existed to the residents near the nuclear power plants. So the radiation dose reduction policy and radiation dose follow up study of nuclear power plants will be continously excuted.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.25-29
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• 1974

The present clinical trial was performed to evaluate the anthelminthic effect and tolerance of Oxantel pamoate, a new antiwhipworm agent, in the treatment of T. trichiurus infection. Oxantel pamoate oral suspension was administered as a sing1e dose of 10 mg per kg. body weight to a total of 46 T. trichiurus infected cases selected out of 64 positives, by examining 89 fecal specimens collected from the soldiers and in-patients of xx Armed Forces General Hospital. For the evaluation, the negative conversion rate (cure rate) and the egg reduction rate were assessed 22 days after the treatment. The result obtained were as follows: 1. The prevalence rate of T. trichiurus infection in this study was 71.9%, while the mean E.P.G. of 46 treated cases was 126. 2. The egg negative conversion rate was 91.3%, and 98.4% of egg reduction rate was obtained. 3. From the observation of 107 worms expelled during 3 consecutive days after the treatment, it was known that sex ratio of male and female was about 1 : 2 and that average worm burden per capita was 2.3. 4. In all treated cases, the medication was readily accepted and well tolerated. On the hemograms, urinalysis and liver function tests, no significant differences were noted before and after the drug administration. There was also no detectable objective and subjective side effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 1999

In 1991, the ministry of Gov't. Administration and Home Affairs set up a minimum of one sewage disposal plant in each province. By 1995, 264 models of the capillary infiltration method were set up in 331(78%) villages and the contact oxidation method was set up in 52 places. Since the Gov't. sent a letter to each responsible officer across the country stating their disapproval of the capillary infiltration method, the environmentally friendly sewage disposal system has not been diffused. The current model(mechanical sewage disposal) being used, in agricultural and fishing villages, costs too much for maintenance and operation(\50,000 per capita per year). In particular, because of the difference in sewage characteristics of agricultural and fishing villages from urban sewage, the efficiency of the disposal system is very low. Also, because of the growing need for more disposal plants, the Gov't. is looking for cheaper alternatives. This study has analyzed 2 kinds of sewage disposal. The first is used widely in agricultural and fishing villages in Germany. The second is used widely in similar areas of Korea. It has intended to analyze the characteristics, merits and defects of the sewage disposal water plants and pebbles model which is used widely in Germany and developed compatibly for Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2011

The domestic rural villages have faced on the many problems in future society. The major purposes of this paper are to clarify in space program for the Rural Activating through the Urban-Rural Exchange. Firstly, it has examined the rural amenities of rural resources, such as natural surroundings, culture, history, landscape, economy, community power etc. Secondary, it was checked about analysis of operation programs corresponding to the rural resources. Thirdly, These space program of Urban-Rural Exchange, which has been archived process of spacial planning, was investigated the spacial conditions corresponding to the operation programs. To make Urban-Rural Exchange Center, it was necessary to analyze physical spacial size of building gross area, by data of cross checking with the area per capita and area per household in the rural village. According to the research, Urban-Rural Exchange Center was to be included visiting center, multipurpose room and dining room, exhibiting space, conference room, experience room, welfare space and specialized room with activation of rural village. However additional conditions are required that it is based on the sustainable development, environmentally friendly architecture both operation program and space program for the value of common society, citizen and villagers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2002

In recent years, domestic market environment of rice production is confronted with the problems of excessive production and decrease in per capita consumption, resulting in steady decline of domestic rice price. Moreover, as new trade negotiations of WTO or FTA are being forwarded, cheap price of imported rice will also make the rice production environment being worse off. One of the possible production strategies to relieve this situation could be expanding farm size, which increases market competitiveness in terms of cost-saving. Since 1990's, one of the main agricultural policies for rice production in Korea has been expanding farm size. This study aims at 1)exploring brief history of Korean government's agricultural policy for expanding farm size, 2)examining economic effect of farming size expansion, and 3)discussing major role of government to promote appropriate programs for rice-farming and producers. Main conclusion suggests that appropriate farming size should be expanded upto at least five hectares per farm, with producers' effort to reduce farming costs and continuous investments on agricultural infrastructures including irrigation systems, etc. Continuous government's investment on operation and maintenance on water facility is also one of the important factors in expanding farm size.