• 제목/요약/키워드: People who remained

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심미성 수복재료의 착생경향에 관한 연구 (A STUDY ON THE STAINING TENDENCY OF ETHETIC RESTORATIVE MATERIALS)

  • 신흥수;황호길;조영곤
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.372-383
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    • 1995
  • The staining tendency of esthetic restorative material was very important factor for the people who are great concern about the esthetics. Most external stains were superficial and adjustable by routine prophylactic procedure. But some of these stains were remained under superficial stain. Some of these stains were accumulative on external tooth surface and it's removal alter the anatomic contour of restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the staining tendency of esthetic restorative materials to staining solution. In this study two glass-ionomer cements (Fuji II Glass-Ionomer Cement and Fuji II LC Glass-Ionomer Cement) and three composite resins (Sil$\ddot{u}$x Plus, APH and P-50) were evaluated and compared. Total 8 disc-shaped specimens of each material (17mm diameter, Imm thick) were immersed in coffee staining solution. These specimens were divided into one control and 3 experimental groups according to the immersion period as follows : Control: immersed in distilled water during each testing period Group 1 : immersed in staining solution for 6 hours Group 2 : immersed in staining solution for 24 hours Group 3 : immersed in staining solution for 72 hours Staining tendency was evaluated by total color difference(${\Delta}E^*$) of specimen before and after staining by spectorcolorimeteric readings (ColorQUEST Spectrophotometer, U.SA.). The results were as follows : 1. The total color differences of each testing materials were increased with time. 2. Among the experimental groups, the Fuji II Glass Ionomer Cement showed the highest total color difference(6.803) and the Silux Plus showed the lowest total color difference(1.637). 3. In comparison of glass ionomer cements, the total color difference of chemical cured glass ionomer cements(6.803) were higher than light cured glass ionomer cements(3.891) (P<0.01). 4. In comparison of composite resins, the P-50 showed the highest total color difference and the Silux Plus showed the lowest total color difference, but there was not significant difference among composite resins(P>0.05).

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아웃바운드 콜센터 서비스품질과 서비스회복 고객충성도 관계 연구 (A Study of the Relationship between the Outbound Call Center Service Quality and Service Recovery Customer Royalty)

  • 김준회
    • 디지털융복합연구
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.163-176
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    • 2015
  • 공적불평행동에서 회사에 대한 직접 불평을 하고, 배상을 요구하는 경우가 빈번하게 나타나고 있는 현 상황에서 콜센터의 대응은 매우 중요한 시점이다. 본 연구의 목적은 콜센터의 서비스품질차원과 세부요인을 찾아내고, 서비스품질차원이 서비스회복, 고객충성도와 어떠한 관련성이 있는지를 연구하는 것이다. 불만족을 경험한 조사대상자 139명을 대상으로 콜센타 서비스품질과 고객충성도 관계성을 검증하기 위해서 가설과 연구모형을 설정하였다. 가설 검증 결과 3개의 콜센타 상담원 서비스 품질과 서비스 회복에 정에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 서비스회복은 고객충성도에 정에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결과품질은 상담후의 고객한테 남는 결과물로서 고객의 입장에서 보면 콜센터 이용의 궁극적인 목적이라고 할 수 있으며, 조사 결과 콜센터 서비스품질 세 가지 차원 중 서비스회복에 미치는 영향력이 가장 큰 것으로 드러났다. 서비스회복과 고객충성도 간의 관계에서 서비스회복은 고객충성도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 콜센터에서는 서비스회복을 도모하고 고객의 고객만족도 및 충성도를 높이기 위하여 콜센터 서비스품질의 관리가 필요하다.

Association Between Dental Implants and Cognitive Function in Community-dwelling Older Adults in Korea

  • Ki, Seungkook;Yun, Jihye;Kim, Jinhee;Lee, Yunhwan
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제52권5호
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    • pp.333-343
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    • 2019
  • Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the association between dental implants and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Data were collected from the baseline survey (2016-2017) of the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. The study sample comprised 1115 community-dwelling people aged 70 years to 84 years who had 0-19 natural teeth. Dental implants and natural teeth were identified by panoramic radiography, while the cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-KC). The association between dental implants and cognitive function was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test for potential bias. Results: The mean number of natural teeth in the study population was 9.50 (standard deviation [SD], 6.42), and the mean MMSE-KC score was 24.93 (SD, 3.55). In the simple univariate analysis, tooth replacement, age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, osteoporosis, number of natural teeth, periodontitis, chewing discomfort, tooth-brushing frequency, education level, monthly household income, participation in economic activity, living alone, and marital status had a significant impact on the association. After adjusting for confounders, the association between dental implants and cognitive function remained significant (B, 0.85; standard error, 0.40; p<0.05). Age, body mass index, periodontitis, tooth-brushing frequency, and education level were also significantly associated with cognitive function. The results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with those of the primary analysis. Conclusions: Dental implants were associated with cognitive function in older adults living in the community. Dental implants as tooth replacements may play a role in preserving cognitive function.

장기요양보호사 양성프로그램 참가자들이 인지한 직업특성 및 대상자 특성 (The Perceived Occupational and Clients' Natures by the Participants of the Long-term Care-services Providers' Education in Korea)

  • Auh, Seong-Yeon;Paik, Sun-Ah;Kim, Eun-Joo
    • 보건교육건강증진학회지
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    • 제27권5호
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    • pp.51-61
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    • 2010
  • 목적: 본 연구는 요양보호사 교육 수료생들을 대상으로 요양보호사의 업무 인지와 요양보호서비스 대상자 인지 정도를 예측변인들을 통해 검증함으로써 요양보호사가 인지하는 직업의 전문성 정도를 파악하는 것을 연구목적으로 한다. 방법: 응답자가 직접 기입하는 '자기기입식질문지법'을 이용하였고 불성실 응답 및 다문항 미기재 설문지를 제외한 총 2백83부를 분석에 사용하였다. 관련요소들의 기술적 통계를 통해 요양보호사 업무에 대한 인지 정도 및 서비스 대상자의 특성에 대한 인지 정도를 살펴보았다. 그리고 위 두 변수와 관련 요소들간의 상관관계를 알아보고, 어떠한 요소가 요양보호사 업무에 대한 인지 정도 및 서비스 대상자의 특성에 영향력을 갖는지 알아보기 위하여 다단계회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 요양보호사 업무 인지에 관한 단계적 회귀분석에서 요양보호사는 전문직업이다(${\beta}$=.300)와 업무 특성에 관한 지식을 갖고 있다(${\beta}$=.254)가 유의미하게 나타났다. 또한 요양보호서비스 대상자 특성에 관한 단계적 회귀분석 결과로 가족들의 지지(${\beta}$=.187)와 요양보호사 업무인지 정도(${\beta}$=.509)가 유의미한 변인으로 밝혀졌다. 결론: 이상의 결과를 통해 본 연구에서 제기한 요양보호사 업무에 대한 인지정도 및 서비스 대상자 특성에 영향력을 갖는지에 대한 연구결과를 제시하였다.

조선시대(朝鮮時代) 유교사상(儒敎思想)과 의예복연구(儀禮服硏究) - 남자(男子) 포(袍)를 중심(中心)으로 - (A study on ceremonial costume and Confucianism is Chosun Dynasty - Focusing on Men's Po -)

  • 이선재
    • 복식
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    • 제16권
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    • pp.221-229
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    • 1991
  • This thesis aims at reviewing the wearing aspect and formation of Chosun ceremonial dresses for meal and finding out the thought reflected by them from the standpoint that dresses themselves should be taken as one of the phenomena in culture. That is men's ceremonial costumes and confucian costumes of the royal family and the gentry family in Chosun is reviewed focused on the formation and the wearing aspect of Po, Which is a kind of them. And in the context of the phase of the times. I also considered the thoughts reflected on the clothes such as confucianism, Ying & Yang Theory, and the symbol and the thoughts of patterns in relation to the clothes. Confucian influence was the main force for the Chosun prohibitions for clothes. The major reasons for the prohibitions for clothes were as follows. First, they reflected confucian Chung myoung chooui(the principle that everything should be where it belongs). That is the prohibitions for clothes were used in the means to maintain feudalistic social order. influenced by social rank system. Second, they reflected confucian ethics in the means to recover social disciplines with the maintenance of traditional customs. This shows well in the restriction of luxurious items in dressing included the prohibitions for clothes. Third, they reflected Chosun's toadysm toward China. With the influx of Chinese style of dressing then government even changed the style of uniforms for public officials into that of Chinese resulting in dual styles of dressing. Ying & Yan Theory greatly affected the colors of Korean clothes and reflected toadysm toward China. too. The theory was embodied by prohibition of such colors for clothes as white, gray, and jade green. I reviewed the twelve patterns on Myunpok, Ten-Longivity patterns and Four-Gracious plants patterns in order to analyze the symbolism and thoughts of patterns for clothes. Nansam, Dopo, and Shimui worn by confucian scholars ensures that those clothes bears confucianism and philosopical factors. As shimui was worn by many people it appears in Chosun scholars' studies and a Chinese book called "Yeki". I reviewed the origin, procession, and ornaments of four ceremonial clothes and tried to find out the confucianism in them. First, In Kwanrei (the coming-of-age ceremony) remained ancestor worship and respect for manners. The clothes for this ceremony granted the rights and responsibilities of and adult to the wearer. The royal Kwanreipok had different dresses for each rank. As Samgapok, the crown prince wore Iksunkwan and Konryongpo for the first ritual, Wonryukwan and Kangsapo for the second, and Myunrukwan and Konpok for the third. The rank of the King's grandson was lower than the crown prince's. This example shows that Chosun people respected manners and thought the basic confucianism "God and people are equal." at the Royal court. Second, as Honreipok(wedding gown), the crown prince wore Myunrukwan and Konpok for Daereipok, Wonyukwan and Kangsapo for Napjing and Tongwoo, and Iksunkwan and Konryongpo for Chekbinui. But common people were allowed to wear an official outfit only for wedding in the means of congratulation on the most important day of their life. Wedding gowns which reflected Ying and Yang Theory emphasized the thought that union of a man and a wife is the most important event in life. Third, Sangrei(funeral) was the last ritual of a human being to send off the deceased. The mourning dresses expressed lamentation of the people left behind. Five-Dress-System for each the relative degree of familarity showed the solemnity and formality, which represented the formality of confucianism and ancestor worship. I reviewed the mourning dresses by dividing them into royal, Yangban's, and commons. They were featured by the fact that there was only one style for every walk of life. It is construed that anyone in mourning can wear the same clothes since he feels the same way regardless of his social rank. Fourth, Chereipok(sacrificial rite dresses) had different styles for each social rank. The King wore Myunpok(Kuryumyun and Kujangpok) were recorded to be worn first in the fourth year of King Taecho's ruling. The crown prince wore Palryumyun and Chiljangpok for sacrificial rite dress which was finally settled when King Sejong was in power. Common people wore Dopo, Shimui for the rite dress in the beginning of the Chosun Era and wore Dopo after Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. In conclusion, confucianism played the main role in ceremonial dress system of Chosun and that was because it emphasized the ethics of action in life, which was different from other religions. It is true that cause-oriented thoughts and Chung myoung chooui in confucianism drove all ceremonies to extreme manners, discriminating the people who belonged to the lower social rank, and resulting in extremly luxurious life style. However, they also created a unique trend and clothes culture in the Chosun Era. I wish that this thesis provieds important information and direction for furthur studies in the future.

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일본의 재가간호 및 방문간호 -새로운 개호보험제도의 실시를 앞두고- (A Study on Home Care and Home Visiting Nursing in Japan)

  • 김증임
    • 지역사회간호학회지
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.106-120
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    • 1999
  • Japan has been prepared for aging society from 1970. In 1970, the percentage of distribution of population of 65 years old and over was 7.1%. It is similar to present percentile of the elderly in Korea. Therefore, it will be needed to study about home care and home visiting nursing in Japan at present. This study was aimed to prepare the fundamental documents for home care nursing in Korea and to know the background of new health care system of Long-term Care Insurance in Japan, by studying home care and home visiting nursing in Japan. With the continuing aging of the population, especially the increase in the number of latter stage elderly, it is predicted that there will be an increase in the number of the elderly who are bedridden and suffering senile dementia. To ensure that these people will be able to continue living in the communities and homes they are accustomed to, surrounded by their families and neighbors, Japan substantially improve and expand in-home services. There were also long-term effort to reach the level of services outlined in the Gold Plan and the New Gold Plan within the decade between FY 1991 and FY 1999 in the field of health care and welfare. Under this plan, the most noticeable change was occurred in home care, home was permitted as the field of care and visiting nursing was established in law. Through this 10- Year Strategy for Promotion of Health and Welfare Services for the Aged, many problems have been improved and solved, but some problems remained such as inadequate service supply and consumption of medical insurance for the elderly. Japan will be a society composed 25% of elderly people of total population in 2020, and it will be soon faced with a shortage of welfare and medical facilities and manpower. As for equalizing the benefits and cost burdens, and other future arrangements for health care and welfare, Long-term Care insurance system was established in 1994. This system will be enforced from April 2000 and use present facilities and services. To know home care and home visiting nursing in Japan, we need to consider present conditions well and to take notice of changes and measures to cope with an aging society continuously.

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10월 부마항쟁의 진실과 역사적 성찰: 10·16 부산항쟁과 10·18 마산항쟁의 비교분석 (The Truth about October Buma Uprising and Historical Reflection: Comparative Analysis of the Busan Uprising and Masan Uprising)

  • 정주신
    • 한국과 국제사회
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    • 제2권1호
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    • pp.5-44
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    • 2018
  • 유신체제시기 1979년 10월 16일부터 20일까지 부산과 마산에서 발생한 부마항쟁은 유신체제의 제반 모순에 대한 도전이었다. 그러나 그로부터 6일뒤 박정희 대통령이 권부 내 갈등으로 살해되는 10 26사건이 일어남으로써 부마항쟁은 이 사건의 도화선 역할을 한 '미완의 항쟁'으로만 남게 되었다. 이 연구의 요체는 '부마항쟁의 진실과 역사적 성찰'이란 주제에 걸맞게 부마항쟁이 어떻게 발발하고 전개되었으며, 또 어떻게 진압되었는지를 부산항쟁과 마산항쟁의 주요 쟁점을 통해 비교고찰 하고자 하는 것이다. 특히 대학생과 민중이 주도한 부마항쟁의 시위전개와 경찰과 군에 의한 시위진압이 서로 부딪치면서 박정희 대통령 및 권부에 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는지를 구체적으로 논의해 보고자 한다. 부마항쟁은 올해로 39주년을 맞는 과거사가 되었으나 아직도 진상규명이나 명예회복 등의 문제가 산적해 있어 법제도의 정비 등, 우선적으로 해결할 것이 많은 현대사임에 틀림없다. 그러나 일단의 세력들이 항쟁의 주도자인 양, 여러 가지 기록물이나 증언을 통해서 부마항쟁사의 진실을 호도하고 농단하는 작태로 진실규명에 어려움을 주고있다. 부마항쟁의 진실규명을 위해서는 객관적인 자료의 획득, 항쟁관련자의 증언 청취나 현지조사 등이 필요하며, 항쟁사의 진실을 호도하고 농단해온 세력에 대한 법적 사회적 응징과 대응도 필요하다고 본다.

화랑의 순유(巡遊)와 향가 (Hwarang's journey and Hyangga)

  • 신재홍
    • 고전문학과교육
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    • 제15호
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    • pp.67-88
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    • 2008
  • In spite of a few numbers of Hyangga that is handed down today, Hyangga has diverse and abundant contents. So it is possible to survey Hyangga as a journey literature of the middle age. On this purpose we can inquire into the Hwarangs' group journey, because the Hwarang was one of the main enjoying group of Hyangga. Hwarangs' group journey shows many aspects. They made a journey for the public purpose like a tour of inspection of people's daily life and the fortresses of the country's peripheral areas. Also, they made a journey for personal purposes like enjoying the attractive view of the mountains and rivers or seeking pretty girls outside of the palace. On these journeys, Hwarang made and enjoyed Hyanggas. Among Hyanggas that remains today, Hyeseongga and Cheoyongga have a direct relation to Hwarang's journey. Hyeseongga was made to eliminate the calamities that occurred at the time of the start of a journey. It is expressed in this poem that Hwarang could take a peaceful trip with the condition that the celestial objects shed light on the earth path. As such, the trip becomes a sacred ceremony. Cheoyongga reflects the fact that the foreigner Cheoyong became Hwarang and toured the streets of Seorabeol, the capital of Shilla. The Cheoyong's bitterness of broken love is expressed in this poem. SongSadahamga and MoJukjirangga come under a broad category of Hwarang's journey literature. SongSadahamga is a farewell poem for Hwarang who leaves to fight on the battlefield. It was universal to make a journey for the fighting of a battle in Shilla period, so many Hyanggas would be made under those situations. MoJukjirangga has the content of Hwarang's trip for saving his follower who was taken by another senior. It expresses the intimate relationship between Hwarang and the follower. Though the words of the song have not been remained, Hyeongeumpogok, Daedogok, and Mungungok were created on the way of Hwarang's journey. These seem to be a series poems which have the proper characteristic features of the Hwarang's journey literature. In these poems, the king's open mind and liberal political views are reflected. In short, Hwarang created and enjoyed Hyanggas on the way of their journey, so Hyangga has the features of journey literature in Korean middle ages.

16~18세기 영·호남 누정에 깃든 문화경관의 의미론적 해석 - 지정 문화재를 중심으로 - (Semantic Interpretation of the Nu-Jeong Cultural Landscape During the 16~18th Century at Youngnam and Honam Area -Focusing on the Designated Cultural Properties-)

  • 이현우
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제45권1호
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    • pp.190-217
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 국가지정 또는 시도지정 문화재 중 총 22개의 영 호남 소재 누정을 중심으로 16~18세기 명리를 등지고 초야에 은거한 사림(士林)의 누정 문화를 고찰함으로써, 조영자의 자연관과 누정건립 등의 문화형성과정에서 축적된 미의식을 구명하고자 하였다. 특히 본 연구에서는 개별 누정에 작용된 의미론적 경관특성을 밝히기 위한 제안으로 '풍수적 입지 누정명 분석 누정문학 분석' 등의 해석을 시도하였다. 본 연구를 통해 확인된 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 누정의 '입지[風水] 명칭[懸板] 문학[板上詩]' 등의 분석 및 해석 결과를 토대로 한국 누정만이 갖는 특수성을 논한다면, 누정의 입지는 풍수가 지향하는 목표와 일맥상통함이 확인되었는데, 이는 땅의 모양(物形)을 의미론적 풍수형국으로 해석함으로써 은유적이면서도 풍자적으로 '터잡기' 한 특징에서도 잘 드러나고 있다. 특히 풍수형국론(風水形局論) 관점에서 본 누정의 입지는 배산임수의 요건을 모두 충족했으며, 지향했던 전형적인 좌향은 남동향임이 확인되었다. 또한 땅의 모양에 대한 직관적이거나 자연론적인 표현보다는, 서로 다른 의미를 부여하여 은유적이면서도 풍자적으로 표현함으로써, 전통적 경관짜임의 특징을 형이상학적인 해학(諧謔)으로까지 승화시키고자 하는 보편성이 발견된다. 더 나아가 누정의 입지를 광역적 경관인식 체계로 본 의미론적 낙토(樂土) 개념이 표출되고 있다. 한편 누정명은 누정이 위치한 서로 다른 개별적 경관을 응축함으로써 상정된 의미론적인 어휘였다. '누정명의 어의 분석'에서 가장 높은 빈도를 보인 것은 주변경관을 간명한 어휘로 함축한 것인데, 그 특징은 첫째 '자연예찬(自然禮讚)' 즉 승경(勝景) 및 사시경물(四時景物)에 대한 흥취, 둘째, '유가사상(儒家思想)'과 관련된 경서(經書) 문장(文章) 성리학적 가치관 중국의 고사성어, 셋째, '선현칭송(先賢稱頌)'에 관한 상고성(尙古性), 넷째, 유유자적과 안빈낙도의 전형으로 청빈하지만 자존적인 삶의 '풍류(風流)', 다섯째, '도가사상(道家思想)'과 관련하여 좌절된 자아를 달래기 위한 치유수단으로써의 '선경(仙境) 갈구' 등이 깊이 내포되어 있었다. 특이하게도 16세기 초반까지는 유가사상에 기반을 둔 명칭이 주류를 이루었지만, 16세기 중반을 넘기며 '자연예찬 및 선현칭송'의 제재가 증가하면서 유가사상에만 편중되지 않는 제재 상의 다양성을 보여준다. 이와 함께 문학이란 예술장르를 빌어 아름다운 자연에 비긴 작가의 심상을 투영시킴으로써 내면의 문제를 완곡히 토로한 누정문학의 주요한 특성으로는 '자연예찬 풍류 도가사상 및 유가사상 선현칭송' 등의 보편성과 '우국충정 연군지정 과거회상' 등의 키워드가 도출되었다. 그러나 이 당시 팽배했던 '성리학적 유교관'에도 불구하고 누정문학을 주도한 일의적(一意的) 개념이 '자연예찬 및 풍류'였음은 매우 주목할 만하다.

Dress and Ideology during the late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries Korea, 1876~1945

  • Lee, Min-Jung;Kim, Min-Ja
    • International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.15-33
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    • 2011
  • The late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries of Korea were the times when the Confucianism (牲理學) ideology was shaken heavily under the influences of modernism and capitalism by Western and Japanese military and political-economic forces. Under such circumstances, alteration of clothing was much influenced by ideologies than changes in social structure or technological advance. In this study, an ideology was defined as "the force which drives people into a particular social order". Ideologies were postulated as an ongoing process of socialization with dialectic features rather than being a static state. Comparative analyses on conflict structures and different clothing patterns symbolizing the ideologies of the Ruling (支配) and the Opposition (對抗) were conducted. Investigating dresses as representations of ideologies is to reconsider the notion of dichotomous confrontation between the conservatives (守舊派) and the progressives (開化派) and a recognition of Koreans' passively accepting modernity during the Japanese occupation. This may also have contributed to enlightening Koreans about modernization. Here are the results. First, the theoretical review found that ideologies were represented by not only symbols of discourse, but also dresses, and that dresses embodied both physical and conceptual systems presenting differences between ideologies and their natures, Second, during the late 19th century Korea, conflict between conservatives' Hanbok (韓服) and progressives' Western suits (洋服) was found. Moderate progressives showed their identity by "Colored Clothing" (深色衣), and radical progressives by black suits with short hair (黑衣斷髮) or by western suits (洋服). The ultimate goal of both parties was a "Modern Nation". With these efforts, pale jade green coats and traditional hats symbolizing the nobleman class was eliminated within 30 years from 1880 to 1910, and then simple robes and short hair emerged. However, the powerful Japanese army had taken over the hegemony of East Asia, and Korea was sharply divided into modernization and pro-Japanese camps. Third, during the time of Japanese colonial rule, the dress codes having set by the modernization policies during the time of enlightenment were abandoned and colonial uniforms for the colonial system was meticulously introduced. During this period, Western or Japanese-style uniforms were the symbol of the ruling ideology. In the mean time, Hanbok, particularly "White Clothing (白衣)", emerged as a representation of the opposition ideology. However, due to Japan's coercive power and strong zeal for "Great orient (大東亞)", white clothing remained as a mere symbol. Meanwhile, Reformists (實力養成論者) movement toward improving quality of life followed a similar path of the Japanese policies and was eventually incorporated into the ruling ideology. Fourth, dresses as representations of ruling ideologies were enforced by organizational powers, such as organizations and laws, and binding policies, and changes in such dresses were more significant when the ruling ideologies were stronger. Clothing of the opposition ideology was expressed as an aggregation of public consciousness. During the period, the subjects of ruling ideology and the objects who were granted modernization benefits were different although their drives for colored clothing with short hair (色衣斷髮) for modernization were similar.