• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 2019

Abnormal orofacial functions such as lip incompetency in the period of growth and development can cause morphological anomalies of the craniofacial complex. Therefore, it is crucial to make an early diagnosis based on the evaluation of the myofunctional conditions, and to make appropriate treatment plans. The objectives of this study were to quantitatively evaluate the standard lip closing force (LCF) of each age in the elementary school children, and to evaluate the relationships between LCF and affecting factors. The sample consisted of 765 children who were 7 - 12 years old in Jeonju city. Clinical examination about occlusal conditions and lip competency, and LCF measurement were performed by a single examiner. LCF was measured three times for each children with the LCF measuring device. The LCF was correlated positively with age in both sexes. The distribution of LCF groups was correlated significantly with Angle's classes and lip competency (p = 0.016, 0.004). The proportion of children with high LCFs was greater in the "competent lip" group, whereas the proportion of those with low LCFs was greater in the "incompetent lip" group.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.16-33
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• 2021

Objectives This study aims to provide directions for future Korean pediatric medicine treatment and researches by analyzing the characteristics of diseases of Korean pediatric outpatients before and after the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods We analyzed the medical records of 10,868 new patients aged 0-18 who visited the Korean pediatrics at Kyung Hee university hospital from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2021. All patients were divided into 2 groups; patients who visited from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, before the coronavirus epidemic, and patients who visited from January 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021, after the coronavirus epidemic. Within the two groups, the diagnosis distribution was performed for the entire population, by gender and by age group. Diagnoses were classified as allergy, growth, gastrointestinal, respiratory, general body supplementation, neuropsychiatric, skin, urogenital, musculoskeletal, and other systems. Results According to the comparative analysis results of before and after the COVID epidemic, there was a decreasing trend of diagnoses in relates to allergy, respiratory, urogenital, musculoskeletal system. On the other side, there was an increasing trend in gastrointestinal, general body supplementation, growth, neuropsychiatric, skin and other system. Changes in diagnosis based on gender and age group will be described below. Conclusions This study analyzed the characteristics of diseases of Korean pediatric outpatients before and after the COVID-19 epidemic, and suggested the direction of future Korean medicine treatment and researches for pediatrics. Also, this study aimed to propose proper treatments for children by showing the role of Korean pediatric medicine related to growth and development of children during the epidemic. However, this study has limitations such as failure to track the long-term impact of COVID-19. Thus, long term follow-up studies are needed to show the effect of COVID-19 on Korean pediatric medicine.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2019

Vertical facial growth triggers the rotation of mandible to move the chin point to the downward and backward direction, which showed remarkably effective result making the less prominent chin. Recently, the intraoral removable appliance utilizing class III elastic demonstrated the vertical growth trigger mechanism. The treatment change was very fast and wearing was quite easy, compared to extraoral appliances. The purpose of this study was to verify the duration of the treatment on class III malocclusion using intraoral removable appliances, which designed to accelerate vertical facial growth. 56 patients were selected with the complaint of the protruded mandible and class III malocclusion (overjet : -3 - 0 mm, overbite : 0 - 4 mm). Information like; age at start, duration of the treatment events, type of the treatment, overjet, overbite etc. was collected and calculated. The average age of the patients delivering the initial brace was $8.75{\pm}1.10year$. Most of the anterior crossbite was resolved within 6 months. The total treatment period was $21.79{\pm}10.73months$ with the additional procedures like the alignment of anterior teeth and torque control using additional removable and fixed orthodontic appliances. The correlation study showed that patient's cooperation (p = 0.000) and the use of fixed appliance (p = 0.032) were significantly influenced on treatment duration.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.192-204
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• 2023

This study aimed to determine the criteria for quantifying developmental defects of enamel in primary teeth in premature babies and to investigate the severity of developmental defects according to the gestational age, birth weight, systemic complications, and treatments received after preterm birth. Birth information, a history of complications, the duration of parenteral nutrition, and endotracheal intubation were investigated by retrospectively reviewing the admission and discharge records of premature babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. The Preterm Developmental Defects of Enamel (PDDE) index was designed by modifying the existing developmental defects of enamel index. Based on PDDE index, the evaluator scored developmental defects of enamel by classifying them as enamel hypomineralization and hypoplasia. The PDDE scores in the extremely preterm and extremely low birth weight groups were significantly higher than those in other groups. Furthermore, PDDE scores of premature babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, rickets, intraventricular hemorrhage, or necrotizing colitis were significantly higher than those in the control group. In addition, more than 50 days of endotracheal intubation and more than 20 days of parenteral nutrition were associated with significantly higher PDDE scores than those in the control group and were risk factors for developmental defects of enamel. This study provides basic information for identifying risk factors for developmental defects of enamel in premature babies.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2024

Background: Dental fear and anxiety are significant challenges in managing behavior in children. Oral administration of sucrose or sweet-tasting solutions has shown effectiveness in reducing procedural pain in infants and neonates. This study aimed to investigate whether pre-application of sucrose solution had an effect on minimizing pain perception during injection and to assess the potential impact of the child's age and sweet preference. Methods: A randomized control clinical trial was conducted on 60 children aged 3-9 years requiring buccal infiltration injections. Following parental consent, demographic data of the children were recorded. Sweet preferences was assessed using a modified forced-choice test. Children were equally and randomly allocated into study (sucrose) and control groups using a lottery method. Sucrose solution or distilled water, respectively, was applied to the lateral surface of the tongue for 2 min. Topical anesthetic was applied at the site of injection, followed by local anesthesia administration. The children rinsed their mouths thrice with water immediately after anesthetic injection. A video was recorded during injection which was then scored by three blinded examiners on the Sound Eye Motor (SEM) scale. The children also self-evaluated using Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS). Results: The mean SEM scores and WBFPS scores were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. The mean SEM score in the study group was 1.37 ± 0.61, compared to 3.17 ± 0.87 in the control group, showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Mean pain scores assessed by WBFPS in the study group were 0.60 ± 1.4, while in the control group, they were 6.27 ± 2.33, also showing a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Children with a sweet preference demonstrated a subjective reduction in pain perception. Conclusion: Application of sucrose before dental injections in children helps to minimize pain upon injection across all age groups.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2006

Inguinal hernia is the most common disease treated by the pediatric surgeon. There are several controversial aspects of management 1)the optimal timing of surgical repair, especially for preterm babies, 2)contralateral groin exploration during repair of a clinically unilateral hernia, 3)use of laparoscope in contralateral groin exploration, 4)timing of surgical repair of cord hydrocele, 5)perioperative pain control, 6)perioperative management of anemia. In this survey, we attempted to determine the approach of members of KAPS to these aspects of hernia treatment. A questionnaire by e-mail or FAX was sent to all members. The content of the questionnaire were adapted from the "American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Surgery hernia survey revisited (J Pediatr Surg 40, 1009-1014, 2005)". For full-term male baby, most surgeons (85.7 %) perform an elective operation as soon as diagnosis was made. For reducible hernia found in ex-preterm infants already discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 76.2 % of surgeons performed an elective repair under general anesthesia (85.8 %). 42.9 % of the surgeons performed the repair just before discharge. For same-day surgery for the ex-premature baby, the opinion was evenly divided. For an inguinal hernia with a contralateral undescended testis in a preterm baby, 61.9 % of surgeons choose to 'wait and see' until 12 month of age. The most important consideration in deciding the timing of surgery of inguinal hernia in preterm baby was the existence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (82.4 %), episode of apnea/bradycardia on home monitoring (70.6 %). Most surgeons do not explore the contralateral groin during unilateral hernia repair. Laparoscope has not been tried. Most surgeons do not give perioperative analgesics or blood transfusion.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.871-875
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• 2003

Purpose : This study was performed to follow the natural course and size change of isolated atrial septal defect(ASD) secundum. Methods : Among the newly diagnosed with ASD secundum at the division of pediatric cardiology in Yonsei cardiovascular hospital from January 1996 to December 2000, 89 patients with pure ASD secundum were checked by the serial echocardiographic evaluation to measure the size change. Results : There was a statistical difference(P<0.05) in the rate of spontaneous closure and size change of the defect between the group of bigger defect(>8 mm) and the group of smaller defect (${\leq}8mm$). There was also a statistical difference(P<0.05) in the rate of spontaneous closure and size change of the defect between the group of younger than three years of age and the group of older than three years of age. The initial size of the defect and change of size were the significant influencing factors in the rate of spontaneous closing of ASD. In the group of patients who have persistent ASD, the size of defect showed a tendency of increasing size of defect with the age(P<0.005); however in the correction of these values by the body surface area of each patients, there was no statistical difference. Conclusion : The possibility of spontaneous closure of pure ASD secundum was higher in the group of patients who have smaller defect and who were younger. The ASD secundum that did not have spontaneous closure showed an increase in size with the growth of the patients; however when this size was corrected by the body surface area, there was no statistical difference. The closure of the defect was at 26.2 months of age so close follow-up of the patients is important.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.268-277
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• 2008

Authors evaluated 1171 patients at the department of Pediatric Dentistry in Kyoungpook National University Hospital through clinical records and radiographs. And the following features were studied ; age, sex distribution, number of mesiodens per patients, cause of discovery of mesiodens, location, status of eruption, shape and orientation of crown, complication, dental age of adjacent upper incisor tooth at the time of surgical extraction of mesiodens and the relationship between the resolution rate of complication after extraction of mesiodens and the dental age of adjacent upper incisor tooth, length of diastema, the eruption status of lateral incisor and the crowding status of premaxilla. The followings are the results : 1. The cause of discovery of mesiodens were as follows ; delayed eruption of the permanent incisors in 13.8%, midline diastema in 11.6%, radiographs taken for other reasons in 23.4% and for caries treatment in 15.1%. 2. Complication due to the presence of mesiodens did not occur in 36.8%, delayed eruption of adjacent teeth was observed in 16.1%, midline diastema in 34.4%, rotation in 8.8%, displacement in 2.4%, and crowding in 1.0% of all evaluated patients. 3. As for the dental age of adjacent upper incisor tooth at the time of surgical extraction of mesiodens, below 1/3 of total root length were observed in 3.5%, $1/3{\sim}1/2$ of total root length in 19.9%, $1/2{\sim}2/3$ of total root length in 54.7% and over 2/3 in 21.9% of all evaluated patients. 4. Resolution rate of delayed eruption after the extraction of mesiodens was significant higher in the group with the root length below 1/2. Resolution rate of midline diastema was significant higher in the group with diastema width below 3mm and with non-crowding of adjacent upper incisor teeth.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 2002

This study was attempted to help in explore new direction about classification of the severity of the pediatric patients admitted at NICU. Data were collected from 230 patients who admitted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of 3 University hospitals and 1 General hospital during 7 months period from september 1, 2000 to April 30, 2001. The results were as follows: 1. The degree of severity of the pediatric patients admitted at NICU shown ranged 1-102 and averaged 17.7. 2. With the respect to the severity of the pediatric patients admitted at NICU, there were statistically significant relation in passing day(s) to admission(r=-.153, p=.020), hospital day(s)(r-.501, p=.000), gestational age(r=-.354, p=.000), birth weight(r=-.280, p=.000), Apgar score at 1 min and at 5 min(4=-.340, p=.000; r=-.322, p=.000), present body weight(r=-.151, p=.023). 3. The severity of the pediatric patients according to general characteristics, there were significant difference in admitting day of the patients(t=2.339, p=.020), Apgar score at 1min and 5min(F=7.893, p=.000; t=3.568, p=.001).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.146-150
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• 1999

With the improved cure rates for childhood malignant conditions in the past decade, late effects of cancer therapy must be recognized to minimize their impact on the quality of life in long-term survivors. Chemoradiation therapy is a major part of pediatric oncology treatment and is implicated in causing tooth agenesis, microdontia, root shortening, early apical closure, and coronal hypocalcification. Dental development may be affected by illness, trauma, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy at any point prior to complete maturation. Treatment given during the first 3.5 years of life was more likely to affect the dental lamina and crown formation and result in a small tooth. Dental treatment affected by chemoradiation damage to developing teeth includes orthodontic tooth movement, prosthetic abutment consideration, periodontal health, space maintenance, requirement for home fluoride regimens to protect hypomineralized teeth, and enodontic procedures. Dental abnormalities are common in patients treated for cancer, and these children require aggressive dental follow-up. Meticulous surveillance may facilitate detection of abnormalities, enabling the dental practitioner to intervene earlier in promoting a more aggressive regimen of oral care, thus reducing the morbidity associated with dental sequelae of oncotherapy, specifically periodontal disease and malocclusion. In this case, we report microdontia of all permanent second premolar and second molar in an 8 year old boy treated with chemotherapeutic agents during period of active dental development(14 months to 38 months of age).