• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.701-706
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to determine the apparent and true digestibilities of amino acids of maize, low tannin sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet in adult caecectomized cockerels. Adult cockerels (n = 60), 25-weeks old, were used in this study of which 30 birds were caecectomized as per a standard method. The apparent digestibilities of amino acids of sorghum were not affected by caecectomy, but were higher for maize, finger millet and pearl millet in caecectomized cockerels. Caecectomy had no influence on the true digestibilities of amino acids of maize, but higher digestibilities were observed for most of the amino acids of sorghum and finger millet in caecectomized cockerels. Caecectomy lowered the true digestibility of cystine, threonine and serine of pearl millet. The apparent digestibilities of amino acids of maize, finger millet and pearl millet were underestimated in intact cockerels. The true digestibilities of most of the amino acids of sorghum and finger millet were underestimated, while those of cystine, threonine and serine of pearl millet were overestimated in intact cockerels. The findings suggest that the amino acid digestibility values of cereal grains determined using caecectomized cockerels might be appropriate and reliable for poultry diet formulations. Moreover, the digestibilities of amino acids of finger millet were inferior to other cereal grains, while those of pearl millet were comparable to maize and sorghum.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1994

Pearl millet is a $C_4$ plant and summer crop originated from west Africa, and the sixth most important cereal in the world and the most widely cultivated millet in the semi-arid tropics as a major staple food crop. Its grain of higher quality protein is used to make unleavened bread chapatis and prepared as gruel, dumplings, couscous and beer. It is also used as animal feed and forage in both temperate and tropical regions because it has a capability to grow well not only in the fertile soil, but also in the poor and dry soil. Most of the current breeding procedures used in pearl millet are aimed at maximum exploitation of hybrid vigor for both grain and forage yields in Korea. Pearl millet is ideally suited for exploitation of heterosis using cytoplasmic male sterile lines as seed parent, and fertile inbred lines and open-pollinated cultivars as pollen parent. Pearl millet hybrids developed in Korea produced 3 to 7 tons of grain and 100 to 150 tons of green fodder per hectare.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.466-476
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• 1993

하계청예작물인 수수-수단그라스 잡종 855F, 진주조 수원 6 호, 사료용 피 King millet 를 대상으로 제 2차 예취시기인 9월 17일부터 4일 간격으로 신생엽과 하부 잔존엽의 생장과 광합성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 예취일로부터 수수-수단그라스, 진주조 신생엽의 엽장, 엽폭, 엽면적, 경당 엽수, 엽건물중, 비엽중은 계속적으로 꾸준한 증가추세를 보여 주었다. 피의 경우 이들과는 달리 하부잔존엽은 예취후 12일 이후로 모두 고사하여 측정이 이루어지지 않았으며 예취후 20일이후 신생엽의 길이는 신장을 중단하였고 엽폭만이 과도하게 신장하는 이상생육 형태를 나타냈다. 2. 예취후 일수 경과에 따른 광합성의 속도 변화는 예취구에서 수수-수단그라스, 진주조, 피의 신생엽이 20일 이후부터는 기존엽에 비해 높게 나타났다. 3. 세 작물의 기공 밀도는 수수-수단그라스 ,진주조가 피 보다 높았으며 기공의 크기와 형태 그리고 엽육세포는 예취후 12일 이후에 완전한 형태를 갖추는 것으로 관찰되었다. 4. 그루터기 기저부의 저장탄수화물 함량은 수수-수단그라스의 경우 예취후 8일까지는 감소하였고, 20일 이후로는 증가하였으나 진주조 및 피는 예취 당일 그루터기내 저장탄수화물 함량이 10%내외로 극히 낮은 상태였고 예취후 20일까지 저장탄수화물 함량은 계속 감소하는 경향이었으며 예취후 32일 경에는 3.0에서 4.0%수준에 이르렀다. 5. 수수-수단그라스, 진주조의 신생염은 제 2차 예취후 12일 이후에 독립적인 생육이 이루어졌다. 이들이 재생특성은 수수-수단그라스는 에너지원으로서 그루터기의 저장탄수화물을 주로 이용하였으나 진주조는 하부 잔존엽의 동화작용에 주로 의존하였고 피는 저장양분의 축적이 빈약하였고 기온 강하에 민감히 반응하여 재생이 억제되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 1988

진주조가 우리나라 자연환경조건에서 재배될 때의 생산성과 사료가치를 조, 기장, 옥수수, 수수/수단그라스 교잡종과 비교, 분석하기 위하여 1985∼86년에 수원 작물시험장 전작포장에 파종, 시험한 결과를 다음과 같이 종합, 요약하여 보고한다. 1. 진주조는 26품종 평균 청취수량이 10.7∼12.8t/10a 생산되어 조, 기장, 옥수수에 비하여 월등히 다수확되었다. 옥수수는 조와 기장에 비하여 증수되었고 기장은 조에 비하여 청취 및 건물수량이 높았다. 2. 진주조 우량교잡종 수원 001는 3회 예취한 청예수량이 14.9t/10a로 옥수수 6.6t/ 10a, 수수/수단그라스 교잡종 9.5t/10a에 비하여 월등히 증수되었다. 엽면적지수도 3회 예취시 합계 32.4로 옥수수 5.8, 수수/수단그라스 20.8에 비하여 월등히 높았다. 조단백질함량에서도 진주조의 종실에서는 16.3%로 옥수수와 수수/수단그라스에 비하여 6∼5% 높았다. 청예용 식물체의 조단백질함량도 진주조 1회 11.8%, 4회 예취에서 평균 16.1 %로 월등히 높았다. 조지방함량도 진주조 종실 3.8% 옥수수와 수수/수단그라스에 비하여 약간 높았으나 청예용 식물체에서는 1.3∼1.4%로 옥수수와 비슷하였고 수수/수단그라스보다는 약간 낮았다. 종실의 조섬유함량은 진주조가 1.9%로 옥수수 2.6%, 수수/수단그라스 4.3%에 비하여 월등히 낮았다. 청예용 식물체의 조섬유함량은 진주조 24.4∼26.8%로 옥수수보다 낮았으나 수수/수단그라스와는 비슷하였다. 조회분은 진주조 종실에 2.4%, 청예용 식물체에 10.8∼11.6% 함유되어 있었으며 옥수수와 수수/수단그라스와 큰 차이가 없었다. 소비율도 진주조가 57.6∼63.4%로 옥수수 46.3%, 수수/수단그라스 47.3∼57.6%에 비하여 높았다. 3. 질소증시에 따라 진주조 자식계통 T 186의 청예수량이 증가되었다. 식물체의 조단백질함량은 N0∼10kg/10a구에서 5.2∼5.0%, N 20∼40kg/10a구에서 8.9∼8.4%. N 60kg/10a구에서 12.4%로 증가되었으나 조지방함량은 질소증시에 따라서 감소되는 경향이었다. 조섬유함량은 27.7∼30.5%로 질소증시에 따른 일정한 경향이 없었고 조회분함량은 낮아지는 경향이었다. 소화율은 N0∼10kg/10a구의 49.4∼49.7%에 비하여 N20∼30kg/10a구에서는 56.6∼60.9 %로 증가하였으며 N40∼60kg/10a구는 50.2∼55.0%로 약간 낮아졌다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.48-58
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• 2024

The oldest and most extensively cultivated form of millet, known as pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Syn. Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke), is raised over 312.00 lakh hectares in Asian and African countries. India is regarded as the significant hotspot for pearl millet diversity. In the Indian state of Haryana, where pearl millet is grown, a new and catastrophic bacterial disease known as stem rot of pearl millet spurred by the bacterium Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter) was first observed during fall 2018. The disease appears in form of small to long streaks on leaves, lesions on stem, and slimy rot appearance of stem. The associated bacterium showed close resemblance to Klebsiella aerogenes that was confirmed by a molecular evaluation based on 16S rDNA and gyrA gene nucleotide sequences. The isolates were also identified to be Klebsiella aerogenes based on biochemical assays, where Klebsiella isolates differed in D-trehalose and succinate alkalisation tests. During fall 2021-2023, the disease has spread all the pearl millet-growing districts of the state, extending up to 70% disease incidence in the affected fields. The disease is causing considering grain as well as fodder losses. The proposed scale, consisting of six levels (0-5), is developed where scores 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 have been categorized as highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, susceptible, and highly susceptible disease reaction, respectively. The disease cycle, survival of pathogen, and possible losses have also been studied to understand other features of the disease.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.903-908
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• 2005

Inoculation of the carrier-based mixed bioinoculants af N-fixer (Azospirillum lipoferum strain Az204/Rhizobium strain BMBS P47) and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium (Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum strain Pb 1) promoted growth and yield of pearl millet and blackgram under pot-culture conditions. The mixed inoculant of Az204 and Pb 1 enhanced germination, seedling vigor, plant height, and seed weight, and resulted in $6\%$ increase in grain yield of pearl millet. Likewise, the mixed inoculant of BMBS P47 and Pb1 increased growth, nodulation, and yield in blackgram. The rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, including nitrogenase, urease, and phosphatase, in both pearl millet and blackgram were significantly increased by the inoculation of the mixed inoculant, compared to that of the individual inoculants. The results clearly indicate the beneficial effect of co-culturing the N-fixer and P-solubilizer in inoculants production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1722-1724
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• 2003

The possibility of using cotton stems as a roughage source in animal feeding was explored. Ground cotton stems (T2 and T3) or stems treated with 0.5% urea (T4 and T5) were ensiled with pearl millet green fodder in double lined plastic bags of 3 kg capacity for 50 days. Formic acid (0.4% v/v) was sprayed on T3 and T5 silages. The treatments were compared with pearl millet silage alone (T1) which constituted the control. All the bags were placed in the silo pit of pearl millet silage. Results indicated that urea treatment of cotton stems increased and formic acid application reduced dry matter loss of the silages. Inclusion of cotton stems in the silage significantly (p<0.05) increased CF, ADF, cellulose and ADL due to its higher cell wall content. The hemicellulose was significantly lower in T3 (16.7%) and T5 (22.52%) as compared to T2 (23.45%) and T4 (24.6%) due to formic acid application. Ammoniation significantly increased NH3-N content in T4 (0.202%) and formic acid controlled NH3-N level in T5 (0.107%).The in sacco dry matter digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in formic acid preserved silages T3 and T5 (47.73 and 47.93%) as compared to silages without formic acid (44.94 and 41.22 %) in T2 and T4 respectively, but lower than T1 (54.39%). It is concluded that cotton stems can be ensiled with pearl millet fodder in 1:4 ratio with or without urea treatment. Formic acid application further increases the silage quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.836-842
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to study the performance of broilers chicks (2 to 42 d of age) fed diets containing pearl millet (PM, Pennisetum typhoides), foxtail millet (FOM, Setaria italica) or finger millet (FIM, Elusine coracana) totally replacing (w/w) yellow maize (YM) with and with out supplementing non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolysing enzymes at the rate of 0.5 g/kg diet. Enzyme preparation contained amylase 2,400 units, hemi-cellulase 5,400 units, cellulase 12,000 units, protease 2,400 units and beta-glucanase 106 units/g. Each diet was fed to eight replicates (five female Vencob broilers/replicate) housed in stainless steel battery brooders. The estimated metabolizable energy (ME) contents of YM, PM, FOM and FIM were FM (PM) were about 3,389, 2,736, 3,303 and 2,846 kcal/kg, respectively. Total replacement of YM with FOM did not influence the body weight gain, ready to cook yield, relative weights of giblet, liver, intestine, lymphoid organs (bursa and spleen) and length of intestine, antibody titers and livability at 42 d of age. But the food efficiency decreased significantly in FOM fed broilers compared those fed YM. Further, the fat content in thigh muscle reduced with FOM fed groups compared to those fed YM. The performance of broilers decreased significantly in PM and FIM fed broilers compared to those fed YM. The relative weights of giblet, gizzard and liver increased in FIM fed groups compared to those fed YM as the principal source of energy in broilers. Incorporation of NSP hydrolysing enzymes in commercial broiler diets improved the efficiency of feed utilization during starter phase but not at 42 d of age. The results thus indicate that yellow maize can be replaced in toto on weight basis in commercial broiler diets without affecting the performance. Supplementation of NSP hydrolysing enzymes was beneficial in enhancing feed utilization during the starter phase.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.99-102
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• 1990

새로운 양질(良質) 초다수성(超多收性) 화본과(禾本科) 사료작물(飼料作物)인 진주(眞珠)조(Pennisetum americanum(L.) Leeke)의 잡초방제(雜草防除)에 적합(適合)한 제초제(除草劑)를 선발(選拔)하기 위하여 청예(靑刈)조(수원1호(水原1號))를 공시(供試), 선택성(選擇性) 제초제(除草劑)인 triazine 제초제(除草劑) Propazine, Atrazine, Simazine, acid amide 제초제(除草劑) Alachlor, dinitroaniline 제초제(除草劑) Pendimethalin 및 비선택성제초제(非選擇性除草劑) Paraquat를 사용(使用)하여 잡초방제시험(雜草防除試驗)을 수원(水原)에서 1986~'89년(年)까지 실시(實施)하여 얻은 주요연구결과(主要硏究結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Propazine(Milogard 4L) 250cc/10a 철포구(撤布區)에서 잡초방제효과(雜草防除效果)가 가장 컸고 진주(眞珠)조의 출아(出芽) 및 생육(生育)에 약해(藥害)가 거의 없었으며 생존율(生存率)도 다른 공시제초제(供試除草劑)에 비하여 가장 높았다. 2. Atrazine과 Simazine을 살포(撒布)할 때는 진주(眞珠)조의 생존율(生存率)이 손제초구(除草區)에 비하여 낮았으나 출아후(出芽後) 약해(藥害)는 거의 없었다. 3. 진주(眞珠)조 파종직후(播種直後)에 Alachlor를 살포(撒布)하였을 때는 거의 대부분(大部分)이 출아(出芽)하지 않았으며 Pendimethaline을 살포(撒布)하였을 때는 진주(眞珠)조의 생존율(生存率)이 33~38%에 불과(不過)하였다. 4. 진주(眞珠)조에 약해(藥害)가 비교적(比較的) 없으며 잡초방제효과(雜草防除效果)도 높은 Propazine은 현재(現在) 국내(國內)에서 시판(市販)이 되고 있지 않으므로 진주(眞珠)조 파종적기(播種適期) 1~2주전(週前)에 파종준비(播種準備)(경운(耕耘), 정지(整地), 시비(施肥) 등)를 완료(完了)하여 두었다가 파종직전(播種直前)에 출아(出芽)한 잡초(雜草)를 비선택성(非選擇性) 제초제(除草劑)(Paraquat 등)로 완전(完全)히 방제(防除)한 다음에 진주(眞珠)조를 파종(播種)하면 잡초문제(雜草問題)를 해결(解決)할 수 있었다. 현재(現在) 시판(市販)되고 있는 Simazine은 진주(眞珠)조의 파종(播種)골에은 살포(撒布)하지 말고 휴간(畦間)의 잡초(雜草)만 방제(防除)할 수 있어 진주(眞珠)조의 수량성(收量性)을 높이면서 생산비(生産費)를 절감(節減)할 수 있다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.44-44
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• 2017

Recently, the occurrences of extreme flooding and drought, often in the same areas, have increased due to climate change. We tested the hypothesis that wetland species could help upland species under flood conditions; that is, the roots of wetland crops may supply $O_2$ to the roots of upland crops by a series of experiments conducted in both humid Japan and semi-arid Namibia (See Iijima et al, 2016 and Awala et al, 2016). Firstly, flooding tolerance of upland-adapted staple crops-pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) mix-cropped with rice (Oryza spp.) was investigated in glasshouse and laboratory experiments in Japan. We found a phenomenon that strengthens the flood tolerance of upland crops when two species-one wetland and one drought tolerant-were grown using the mixed cropping technique that results in close tangling of their root systems, hereinafter referred to "close mixed-planting". This technique improved the photosynthetic and transpiration rates of the upland crops subjected to flood stress ($O_2$-deficient nutrient culture). Oxygen transfer was suggested between the two plants mix-cultured in water, implying its contribution to the phenomenon that improved the physiological status of upland crops under the simulated flood stress. Secondly, we further tested whether this phenomenon would be expressed under field flood conditions. The effects of close mixed-planting of pearl millet and sorghum with rice on their survival, growth and grain yields were evaluated under controlled field flooding in semi-arid Namibia during 2014/2015-2015/2016. Single-stand and mixed plant treatments were subjected to 11-22 day flood stress at the vegetative growth stage. Close Mixed-planting increased seedling survival rates in both pearl millet and sorghum. Grain yields of pearl millet and sorghum were reduced by flooding, in both the single-stand and mixed plant treatments, relative to the non-flooded upland yields, but the reduction was lower in the mixed plant treatments. In contrast, flooding increased rice yields. Both pearl millet-rice and sorghum-rice mixtures demonstrated higher land equivalent ratios, indicating a mixed planting advantage under flood conditions. These results indicate that mix-planting pearl millet or sorghum with rice could alleviate flood stress on dryland cereals. The results also suggest that with this cropping technique, rice could compensate for the dryland cereal yield losses due to field flooding. Mixed cropping of wet and dryland crops is a new concept to overcome flood stress under variable environmental conditions.