• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2016

The interface between the surface of a cathode material and the electrolyte gives rise to surface reactions such as solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and chemical side reactions. These reactions lead to increased surface resistance and charge transfer resistance. It is consequently necessary to improve the electrochemical characteristics by suppressing these reactions. In order to suppress unnecessary surface reactions, we coated cathode material using polypropylene (PP). The PP coating layer effectively reduced the SEI film that is generated after a 4.3 V initial charging process. By mitigating the formation of the SEI film, the PP-coated Li[(Ni_0.6Co_0.1Mn_0.3)_0.36(Ni_0.80Co_0.15Al0.05)_0.64)]O₂(NCS) electrode provided enhanced transport of Li⁺ ions due to reduced SEI resistance (R_SEI) and charge transfer resistance (R_ct). The initial charge and discharge efficiency of the PP-coated NCS electrode was 96.2 % at a current density of 17 mA/g in a voltage range of 3.0 ~ 4.3 V, whereas the efficiency of the NCS electrode was only 94.7 %. The presence of the protective PP layer on the cathode improved the thermal stability by reducing the generated heat, and this was confirmed via DSC analysis by an increased exothermic peak.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1768-1772
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 국내 도시지역의 특성을 고려한 설계강우의 시간분포형에 따른 첨두유량의 변화를 규명하고자 Huff 및 Yen과 Chow의 시간분포방법을 이용하여 단시간 강우특성을 분석하였으며, 또한, 기왕의 연구인 건설교통부의 전기간 강우에 의한 시간분포와의 비교를 실시하고, 실제 도시지역에 적용하여 첨두유량의 변화를 분석하였다. 한다. 본 연구에서 선정한 대상지역은 서울, 부산과 대구지점이며, 강우자료는 1961년부터 2004년까지 44년간의 연속된 자료로서 기상청의 자기우량지 및 AWS자료를 이용하여 수집하였다. 첨두유량분석을 위한 대상유역으로는 서울특별시 일원의 성내와 반포배수구역과 부산광역시 일원의 동의대 시험유역, 경북 구미시 일원의 광평배수구역을 선정하였다. 본 연구의 수행으로 인해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, Huff의 시간분포방법의 경우에는 단시간 강우자료의 지속기간에 따른 최대강우강도는 제1구간에서 발생할 확률이 가장 높게 나타났고, 제3구간에서 가장 낮게 발생하였으며, 기왕의 연구들과 차이가 발생하였다. 둘째, Yen과 Chow의 시간분포방법에서는 기왕의 연구와 본 연구의 결과에서 전반적으로 큰 차이가 발생하지 않았으며, 셋째, 첨두유량의 비교에서는 시간분포방법에 따라 변화가 발생함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2014

This study was to develop the flood analysis module (FAM) for implementation of a web-based real-time agricultural flood management system. The FAM was developed to apply for an individual watershed, including agricultural reservoir. This module calculates the flood inflow hydrograph to the reservoir using effective rainfall by NRCS-CN method and unit hydrograph calculated by Clark, SCS, and Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph methods, and then perform the reservoir routing by modified Puls method. It was programmed to consider the automatic reservoir operation method (AutoROM) based on flood control water level of reservoir. For a $15.7km^2$ Gyeryong watershed including $472{\times}10^4m^3$ agricultural reservoir, rainfall loss, rainfall excess, peak inflow, total inflow, maximum discharge, and maximum water level for each duration time were compared between the FAM and HEC-HMS (applied SCS and Clark unit hydrograph methods). The FAM results showed entirely consistent for all components with simulated results by HEC-HMS. It means that the applied methods to the FAM were implemented properly.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2001

This experimental study is to investigate the flow characteristics of the multi-hole nozzle used in the fuel injection system of a heavy-duty diesel engine. A multi-hole diesel nozzle with a 2-spring nozzle holder was used in this study and without changing the total orifice exit area, its hole number varied from 3($d_n$=0.42mm) to 8($d_n$=0.25mm). The injection pressure and needle lift were measured and Bosch type injection rates measurement system was used. The discharge flowrates of each orifice in the multi-hole nozzle changed by the flow conditions inside the nozzle sac hole. In case that pump speed and injection quantity were low, the orifice located in the vertex of nozzle tip had a great deal of injection quantity compared with that of others. As the increment of multi-hole number, the injection duration and the mean injection pressure decrease. The mean and peak injection rates, however, increase. Actually, the mean flow coefficient(${C_d}_{(mean)}$) increases, too. The flow coefficient of the multi 8 hole was evaluated as Cd(mean)=0.74 and that is the maximum value among the examined conditions.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.24-33
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• 1992

Cr-N films were deposited on low-carbon steel sheets by the reactive arc-induced ion plating (AIIP). The influence of the deposition conditions (nitrogen pressure and substrate bias voltage) on the crystal orientation, morphology and microhardness of the Cr-N films has been investigated using x-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. The impurities and contaminations on the surface and at the interface, and the layer-by-layer compositions of the film have been analyzed using scanning Auger multiprobe (SAM) and glow discharge spectroscope (GDS). The mixed state of Cr and Cr₂N turned out to have a fine fibrous structure. The Cr₂N films were deposited at a wide range of nitrogen flow rates. The orientations of Cr₂N films were mainly (110) and (111), and the intensity of the (111) peak increased as the substrate bias voltage increased. The microstructure of the Cr₂N film was dense and no columnar structure was observed. The films in the mixed state of Cr₂N and CrN were also dense without columnar structure. The maximum microhardness of the Cr-N films was 2400 kg/㎟ at 10 gf load.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1999년도 하계학술대회 논문집 E
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• pp.2170-2172
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• 1999

A low energy large aperture(LELA) pulsed electron beam generator of a cold cathode type has been developed for environmental applications, for example, waste water cleaning, flue gas cleaning, and pasteurization etc. The operational principle is based on the emission of secondary electrons from cold cathode when ions in the plasma hit the cathode, which are accelerated toward exit window by the gradient of an electric potential. We have fabricated the LELA electron beam generator with the peak energy of 200keV and beam diameter of 200mm and obtained the large aperture electron beam in air. The electron beam current density has been investigated as a function of glow discharge current, accelerating voltage and radial distribution in front of the exit window foil. The plasma density and electron temperature have been measured in order to confirm the relation with the electron beam current density. We are going to upgrade the LELA electron beam generator in the electron energy, electron beam current and stability of operation for various applications.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1997년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1606-1608
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• 1997

We have synthesized PPP from benzen by chemical reaction. And then disordered carbon materials were obtained by heating-treating PPP in a nitrogen atmosphere for 1, 4, 8 and 12 hour at $700^{\circ}C$. The carbon prepared by heat treatment showed a broad x-ray diffraction peak around $2{\theta}=20^{\circ}$ having a property of disordered carbon. Carbon electrodes were charged and discharged at a current density of $0.25mA/cm^2$. In the result, PPP-based carbon obtained at $700^{\circ}C$ for 8h showed 605mAh/g of first discharge capacity and had a small hysteresis characteristic.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 1999

This study has an object to evaluate runoff characteristics with ILLUDAS model and SWMM owing to each rainfall distribution type of Huff's quartile and each rainfall duration time of 30 ,60, 120 and 180 minutes. As a result of this study, Type-Ⅰ Extreme (TIE) rainfall distribution pattern with Huff's 2nd quartile is adequate for Cheju volcanic island . To decide optimal rain fall duration , time of concentration and critical duration should be compared and analyzed each other. In this study, 30 and 120 miniutes were suggeste to iptiaml duration time of A and B study basins. It is concluded that the magnitude of peak runoff discharge is maximum with Huff's 4th quartile, and that of total runoff volume is maximum with Huff's 4th quartile for ILLUDAS model and with Huff's 1st quartile for SWMM. As rainfall duration time increasing is increasing . Also in case of total runoff volume, volumen by SWMM is less than by ILLUDAS model as to variation ratio of total runoff volume in A and B study basin. Therefore, the resulots of this study canb e sued as basic data in determining adequate rainfoal duration time and rainfall distribution type and used for urban drainage systems analysis and design at small urbanization catchment is Cheju volcanic island.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.375-384
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• 1998

최근 배수시스템의 설계시 임계지속기간의 개념을 도입하여 설계홍수량을 산정하고 있다. 그러나, 임계지속기간 산정시 설계강우분포의 선정은 명확한 기준없이 임의로 사용되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 중소규모의 도시화된 산본유역에 ILLUDAS 모형을 이용하여 다양한 강우분표형태가 임계지속기간에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 모형결과의 분석으로부터 강우분포형태(등분포, 삼각형분포, 사다리꼴분포, Huff 분포, IDF 를 이용한 중앙집중분포)는 임계지속기간 뿐만 아니라 첨두유량에도 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.683-688
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• 2007

In this study, N doped $TiO_2$ (TiO-N) thin film was prepared by DC magnetron sputtering method to show the photocatalytic activity in a visible range. Various gases (Ar, $O_2\;and\;N_2$) were used and Ti target was impressed by 1.2 kW -5.8 kW power range. The hysteresis of TiO-N thin film as a function of discharge voltage wasn't observed in 1.2 and 2.9kW of applied power. Cross sections and surfaces of thin films by FE-SEM were tiny and dense particle sizes of both films with normal cylindrical structures. XRD pattern of $TiO_2$ and TiO-N thin films was appeared by only anatase peak. Red shift in UV-Vis adsorption spectra was investigated TiO-N thin film. Photoactivity was evaluated by removal rate measurement of suncion yellow among reactive dyes. The photodegradation rate of $TiO_2$ thin film on visible radiation was shown little efficiency but TiO-N was about 18%.