• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2000

These studies were conducted to investigate the prey consumption and suppression of cotton aphid and green peach aphid by Chrysopa pallens Ramber as a predator. The 3$^{rd}$ instar of C. pallets fed on 29.8, 77.9, 133.6, and 155.7 individuals of apterous Aphis goussypii Glover a day at 17,22, 27, and 32$^{\circ}C$, respectively. A preovipositing female fed on 73.1 individuals, ovipositing female on 86.6 individuals, and adult male on 69.7 individuals of apterous Myzus persicae (Sulzer) a day at the 27$^{\circ}C$. The functional response curve of the larvae and adults of C. pallens to the densities of A. gossypii indicated Helling’s Type II: the consumption of prey by the C. pallens increased with the prey density but the consumption rate decreased. The attack rate of 3rd instar of C. pallens was the highest among the 2nd instar, 3$^{rd}$ instar, adult male and adult female, and handling time was the shortest. The critical ratio of the predator vs. the prey to effectively suppress the population of A. gossypii by releasing C. pallets eggs was 1 : 4 on red pepper and egg plant, and 1 : 3 on cucumber. Release of second larval stave of C. pallens at the ratio of 1 : 30 of the predator vs. the prey controlled satisfactorily A. gossypii on red pepper, and 1 : 20 on cucumber and tomato. The three-times introduction of the eggs of C. pallens was as effective as four applications of insecticides from mid-June to late September.r.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2008

This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including $4{\sim}8$ cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of < 0.3% except 1998. The orchard infested with G. molesta was 13 to 71 %, while 12 to 57% with C. sasakii. The rates of orchards where fruit damage by G. molesta was found were higher than those by C. sasakii after 1997. The tendency of fruit damage rates in the orchard where the most fruit damage was found was same with the trend of orchard rates infested with the pests. The maximum damage rate by G. molesta was 20.0% in 2005, while 4.5% by C. sasakii in 1998. The damaged shoot rates by the first generation G. molesta was $0.1{\sim}8.1%$, and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2018

Walnuts are one of the most economically important fruit trees in forestry. In walnut orchards, however, studies examining damage by insect pests are limited. This study was conducted to investigate the rate of damage caused by Conogethes punctiferalis to walnut fruits and by Acrocercops transecta to walnut leaves. In 2017, the change of damage rate (caused by C. punctiferalis) to fruits were investigated in Buyeo. In addition, we counted fruits and leaves damaged by two lepidopteran species in Gimcheon, Buyeo, Yeongdong, and Hwaseong. Damaged fruits steadily increased in abundance with fruit growth in Buyeo, and the highest number of damaged fruits was documented in late summer. The rates of damage caused by C. punctiferalis to fruits in Buyeo, Gimcheon, and Hwaseong were 22.1%, 20.5%, and 11.7%, respectively. Additionally, the rates of damage caused by A. transecta to leaves in seedlings (58.5% on average) were significantly higher than to those in older trees (11.2% on average), irrespective of the study location. In conclusion, this study showed that C. punctiferalis and A. transecta were serious pests affecting walnut fruits and leaves, respectively. Therefore, management methods for these insect pests need to be developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.110-115
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• 2012

Various unripe peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) seeds, which were picked on late May, were subjected to 80% methanol extracts to investigate the antioxidant activities, whitening effects, and anti-wrinkle activities. The yield of 6 cultivars (Takinosawa Gold, Kawanakawase Hakuto, Madoka, Yumefuji, Nagasawa Hakuho, and Hong Bak) from unripe peaches were the highest on Yumefuji, followed by Madoka, Kawanakawase Hakuto, Takinosawa Gold, Hong Bak, and Nagasawa Hakuho (6.16%, 6.08%, 5.65%, 5.25%, 5.23%, and 5.20%). The content of the total polyphenol of seed extracts ranged from 18.33 to 27.08 mg/g. The antioxidant in vitro assays including the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the highest with Hong Bak and Kawanakawase Hakuto. The tyrosinase inhibition activity greatly affected the Takinosawa Gold and Kawanakawase Hakuto. Compared to the elastase inhibition activity of 6 cultivars, Madoka was higher than others, while the lowest was Hong Bak. The significant correlation coefficient values were determined (more than p=0.05) between the yield, total polyphenol content, antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibition, and elastase inhibition activities. The results suggested that the total polyphenol content has a high positive value on the DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and tyrosinase inhibition activity. Also, the tyrosinase inhibition activity and elastase inhibition activity showed a significant correlation (r=+0.594). The ABTS inhibition activity and tyrosinase inhibition activity that is the most suitable character represented significant positive correlation (r=+0.846). This data suggested that the methanol extracts from these unripe peaches could be potential candidates for natural cosmetics.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-108
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to develop the plastic greenhouse models which are structurally safe under the weather condition of Seongju and have the dimensions suitable for oriental melon cultivation as well. To grasp the structural features of greenhouses in Seongju, the field survey was conducted on 406 farmhouses which included 2,068 greenhouses. The field survey showed that the roof shape of arch type accounted for the highest rate, but recently even span or peach type became more popular and the width and height of greenhouse tended to increase as the period of use was short. The relationship of the width, ridge height and eaves height were established based on field survey data. Using climate data of Gumi adjacent to Seongju, the regressions were determined for the design wind speed and design snow depth depending on recurrence period. To design the greenhouse models against weather disasters in Seongju, the optimal design loads are 23.7 cm of snow depth and $33.8m{\cdot}s^1$ of wind speed. As the design results, four models of single-span greenhouse, two models of double-span greenhouses including extension were developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2002

Heungdukwang'(興德王) costume ordinance(834A.D.) is a very important written historical record because it reveals Tongil Shills's(統一新羅) costume. But among the clothing pieces that appeared in Heundukwang'(興德王) costume ordinance, classification of Naeoe(內衣) and Danoe(短衣) is not clear. This study focuses on the categorization of Naeoe(內衣) and Danoe(短衣). Upper garments included among costume ordinance were Pyooe(表衣), Naeoe(內衣) and Danoe(短衣), Pyooe(表衣) and aeoe(內衣) were unisex, while Danoe(短衣) was worn only by women excluding the lower class. Pyooe(表衣) is applicable to Po(袍), Naeoe(內衣) is aplicable to Yu(유). Shilla'(新羅) upper garments appearing in visual records are as follows: -With the exception of Pyooe(表衣), the length of men's upper garments were between hip and knee length. These upper garments featured V-neck and round neck styles with the left side of the garments folded over the right side. -Again excluding Pyooe(表衣), women's upper garments were similar to men's upper garments having V-neck and round necklines. We know this to be true from the relics found during the excavations of Hwangsungdong and Yonggangdong, as well as from the women in the stone reliefs of Sangju. Although we know the shape of necklines. the length of upper garments remained a mystery because women of that tome tucked in their upper garments into the skirts and/or wore an over garment. However a clay doll found around Bulguksa(佛國寺) wearing a knee length garment with V-neck. The upper garment was opened in the front and was worn over another garment with same length and round neckline. At that time, The upper garments found in China and Japan. were not much different than those found in Shilla (新羅). They also included garments that were waist length, had peach-shaped necklines, or were worn over head. Shilla's(新羅) traditional upper garment was between hip and knee length, but with the introduction and influence of Chinese costume. upper garments with a length coming down to the high waist line began to appear. In addition to Chinese influence, because Shilla's(新羅) women wore the upper garment first and then the lower garment, a long upper garment was not necessary. These shorter upper garments came to be known as 'Danoe(短衣)'When we perceive clothing. we look at silhouette first and then the details. Silhouette is much determined by length and neckline or the front of the garment determines the details, So we need to attention to the basis of ancient dress classifications. These classifications were according to first length [Po(袍), Yu(유)] and then neckline [Danryoung(團領), Jingryoung(首領)]. As a result. Naeoe(內衣) and Danoe(短衣) are classified by the length. The length (內衣) was between hip and knee length while Daneoe(短衣) was waist length. Danoe(短衣) was worn by putting the bottom of it inside skirt naeoe(內衣) was worn over a skirt or plant. But both had V-neck and round neck styles, and styles with the left side of the garments folded over the right side.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.672-676
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• 1993

Rheological properties of the aqueous solution of various polysaccarides and their effects as a stabilizer in fruit(peach) syrup and yogurt were investigated. Four kinds of modified starch(Sun Kolguard, Sun Registar, Mira Cleer 340 and Maps 449), three types of carrageenan(kappa, iota and lambda types) and pectin were used in this study. The 5% aqueous solution of each modified starch was gelatinized at $66^{\circ}C$. After gelatinization, Sun Kolguard showed the highest viscosity among those samples. The synergistic effect of carrageenan on 5% aqueous solution of Sun Kolguard was studied by changing the mixing ratio, and the result showed that the ratio 90:10(Sun Kolguard:carageenan) had the maximum synergistic effect and the effect of iota type carrageenan was higher than that of other types. The effect of Sun Kolguard as a stabilizer in fruit syrup were superior to other modified starches studied. The gelatinization temperature of the addition of iota carrageenan in starch added fruit syrup changed from $66^{\circ}C$ of 5% aqueous solution to $82^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, the viscosity after cooling of syrup which made iota carrageenan and starch added fruit syrup was more increased than simple starch added fruit syrup. The mixture of 90% Sun Kolguard and 10% iota carrageenan were estimated as the most appropriate stabilizer for manufacturing the fruit syrup and yogurt adding fruit syrup.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1227-1234
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• 1999

Modified atmosphere packaging of peaches(Prunus persica L. Batsch) was investigated to extend their freshness during distribution. Peaches were packaged in the PE film(20LD, 40LD), the PE film modified by addition of 5%(w/w) zeolite(20CK, 40CK), and the PE film containing $Purafil^{\circledR}$ sachet(20LP, 40LP). Quality indexes of peaches during storage at $20^{\circ}C$ were measured in terms of weight loss, soluble solids content, pH, titratable activity, firmness, color and sensory properties. Gas composition and ethylene content In the film bags changed rapidly at the early stage of storage. Within 8 days, weight loss of the unpacked control increased upto ll.8% but those of the packaged remained below 2%. There was no significant difference in soluble solids content and pH in all the treatments. Ethanol content of peaches packed in 40LD was 12.88 mL/kg and acetaldehyde content in 40CK was $160\;{\mu}L/kg$ for 8 days. Peaches packed in 20CK showed a good visual and sensory Quality. The result suggested that active packaging treatment such as 20CK could be used for extending freshness of peaches during transport period at ambient temperature.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2012

The hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis, is a pest of apples and a quarantine pest from some countries that import apples from Korea. A controlled atmosphere and temperature treatment system (CATTS) was developed as an alternative disinfestation method to methyl bromide fumigation treatment, and has been applied to control various insects and other arthropod pests on fruits. We applied CATTS to disinfect T. viennensis under conditions that were previously developed to control the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii. First, T. viennensis was sampled from Japanese apricot, Prunus mume, and identified by its morphological characters. In addition, both cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences supported the morphological identification. Second, the heat-tolerant developmental stage was determined in T. viennensis. When a $46^{\circ}C$ heat treatment was applied to egg, nymph, and adult stages of T. viennensis, adults were the most tolerant stage. Third, when heat temperature was used along with 1% $O_2$ and 15% $CO_2$, the mites showed a significant increase in susceptibility to the heat treatment. Finally, CATTS at $46^{\circ}C$ with 15% $CO_2$ and 1% $O_2$ for 30 min resulted in 100% mortality of all T. viennensis development stages. These results indicated that CATTS isapplicable to disinfest T. viennensis in post-harvest apples.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2009

Characteristics of habitat alteration and post-embryonic development of Paratlanticus ussuriensis were investigated in the mountain region of Bitanri, Yeongdong county, Chungcheongbuk-do from 2007 to 2009. Overwintered eggs under the ground in the hillside were hatched from late March to early April. The soil temperature during this season was $7{\sim}14^{\circ}C$. Young nymphs lived mainly at the hillside by eating oak tree leaves but the 3rd or 4th instars switched their habitat to orchards near the hillside in early May, which is the time for sprouting of peach leaves. Old nymphs developed into the adult stage at the orchards in late May and moved back to the hillside in late June. Duration of post-embryonic development from the first instar nymph to adult was 49.2 days after 7 moltings at $25^{\circ}C$. Female adults collected from the field had long ovipositor (26.2 mm) and were slightly longer in the body length, hind femur, tegmen and pronotum than those of males.