• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.377-384
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• 2010

Heavy metal accumulation levels of inhabitant fish, Hemibarbus labeo in Andong and Imha reservoirs were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer and atomic absorption spectrometer. Heavy metal contents of H. labeo from Andong reservoir were higher than those from Imha reservoir. Likewise, relative high contents of As, Cd and Hg were detected in the tissues from Andong reservoir. Among the heavy metals, Al, As and Fe were detected with high concentration in the gill tissues but not in the muscle tissues. Also, the average content of Zn was almost similar in all tissues. In addition, high accumulated level of Al, Cr, Cu and Mn were detected in gill and kidney tissues of H. labeo from Andong reservoir. As a result, the heavy metal contents from the inhabitant fishes, H. labeo, in Andong reservoir showed higher than those in Imha reservoir. We propose that heavy metal contamination in water and in inhabitated fishes is caused from various metals derived from water and sediments in water environment of Andong reservoir.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.318-327
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• 1985

This study was designed to investigate the effect of early protein undernutrition of rats on later susceptibility to lead poisoning. Weanling rats, weighing about 55 grams, were malnourished by feeding low protein diets ( 12% and 5% casein diet ) during the four weeks of protein deprivation period. For the following 5 weeks, the malnourished rats were fed with 25% casein diet as rehabilitation diet. After the rehabilitation period, all rats were fed with 25% casein diet and the drinking water containing 2000ppm-Pb during the four weeks. The results obtained were as follows ; 1 ) Feed intake, body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were reduced in all rats exposed to lead, especially in rats fed with 5% casein diet during the four weeks of weanling period. 2 ) Enlargement of kidney and spleen were observed in all rats exposed to lead and were more remarkable in rats fed with 5% casein diet. 3 ) In rats exposed to lead, activity of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase ( S- GOT ) was significantly increased by increasing the degree of early protein deprivation, whereas hematocrit value was significantly decreased. Activity of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase ( S- GPT ) was shown a tendency to increase by increasing the degree of early protein deprivation, but the difference was not significant. 4) In rats exposed to lead, the amount of lead accumulation in kidney was increased by increasing the degree of early protein deprivation. The significant increase was shown in rats fed with 5% casein diet during the four weeks of weanling period. The results of the experiment suggest that early protein undernutrition, even after some period of rehabilitation, may enhance the later susceptibility to lead poisoning.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2001

Immunoelectron microscopy of storage protein at early stage of seed development showed legumin was firstly accumulated protein in between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae, and these accumulates were differentiated into protein body (PB) by transformation at later stage. Thin sections of pea cotyledons during the later stages of seed maturation showed three morphologically different types of protein bodies. One of these, presented as rough-surfaced cisternae with terminal dilations, which contained protein deposits and were often found interdigitated between stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Conventional electron microscopy at earlier stages of cotyledon development showed this protein body type initially developed from the rough ER. This transformation of endoplasmic reticulum into a protein body is believed to represent a new pathway of protein body development.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2009

To investigate the possible applications of plants to remediate heavy-metal-contaminated soil, a pilot experiment was performed for four years in a reclaimed dredging area using two Alnus species, i.e., Alnus firma and Alnus hirsuta. In a comparison of phytomass of the two species at two different planting densities, the phytomass of Alnus planted at low density was twice as high as that of Alnus planted at high density after four years. The Alnus species showed active acclimation to the heavy-metal-contaminated soil in a reclaimed dredging area. A. hirsuta showed greater accumulation of phytomass than A. firma, indicating that it is the better candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In the pilot system, Alnus plants took metals up from the soil in the following order; Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr > As > Cd. Uptake rates of heavy metals per individual phytomass was higher for Alnus spp. planted at low density than those planted at high density in the pilot system. Low plant density resulted in higher heavy metal uptake per plant, but the total heavy metal concentration was not different for plants planted at low and high density, suggesting that the plant density effect might not be important with regard to total uptake by plants. The quantity of leached heavy metals below ground was far in excess of that taken up by plants, indicating that an alternative measurement is required for the removal of heavy metals that have leached into ground water and deeper soil. We conclude that Alnus species are potential candidates for phytoremediation of heavy-metal- contaminated surface soil in a reclaimed dredging area.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.483-491
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• 2011

Harvesting of marshfire glasswort (Salicornia europaea) by local people has been increased recently since this plant was known for a well-being food. Even though some harvesting sites are facing high risk of environmental pollution, Salicornia europaea is still harvested on a large scale. Therefore, to investigate safety of Salicornia europaea as a food resource, salt marsh environment, potential harvestable biomass, element and heavy metal accumulations in Salicornia europaea has been studied in three salt marshes, west-coast of Korea. Salicornia europaea showed 150 - 230$g/m^2/yr$ harvestable biomass. Biomass and nitrogen contents of Salicornia europaea were closely related to soil nitrogen and carbon concentrations. Average Na, Zn, Fe, Cr accumulations in Salicornia europaea were 41479, 18, 297, 1.5 (mg/kg), indicating valuable trace element contents. However, average heavy metal accumulations such as As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg accumulations were 1.5, 7.1, 4.2, 1.5, 0.1 (mg/kg), which were even or higher than national standards (0.5, 0.5, 2, 2, 0.1) of salts. These results imply that harvesting and eating of Salicornia europaea in west-coast research sites would be harmful because the contents would be much higher if it is calculated as only considering salts and minerals. Therefore, harvesting of Salicornia europaea from some salt marsh in west-coast of Korea should be done cautiously.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of PAHs in atmosphere and soil, and their relationship, accumulation tendency in soil, and its contain burden ratio (%) the PM$_{10}$ and soil were sampled adjacent to a roadside and analysed by HPLC from August 25th 1996 to September 22nd 1996 in Seoul and Kunggido area. The main results are summarized below 1. The concentration of PM$_{10}$ in the ambient air was showed in order of industrial region ($142.70\pm 21.77 \mu g/m^3$), commercial region ($136.51\pm 31.62 \mu g/m^3$), residential region ($110.12\pm 14.98 \mu g/m^3$), greenbelt region ($77.44\pm 12.12 \mu g/m^3$), respectively. 2. Distribution of PAHs concentration level in PM$_{10}$ and soil was showed in order of industrial region, commercial region, residential region, greenbelt region, respectively in all components. 3. The contain burden ratio (%) in PM$_{10}$ was attested that BbF was the highest contain burden component (21.7-32%) and An was the lowest contain burden component (0.35-1.95%) in all region. 4. The contain burden ratio (%) in soil was attested that Pb (20.5%) was the highest and An (0.8%) was the lowest contain burden component in industrial region and BbF (21.9%) and An (0.45%) were the same tendency in commercial region and Py (21.6%) and BkF (3.5%) were in residential region, Py (29%) and An (2.6%) were in greenbelt region. 5. The relationship between concentration of PAHs in PM$_{10}$ and soil was attested that the component of BbF (r=0.514) was very highly correlated, and there were significant in Fl and BaA in soil between industrial region and commercial region (P<0.05).

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.447-457
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• 2003

In order to understand the distribution of changes of geochemical characteristics in surface sediments according to various environmental changes around the artificial Lake Shihwa, surface sediments were sampled at $13{\sim}15$ sites form 1997 to 1999 and analyzed by C/S analyzer, ICP/MS and AAS. The average $S/C_{org}$ ratio was 0.35 in the surface sediments, which is similar to 0.36, the characteristic ratio of marine sediments. Heavy metal contents and enrichment factors in the surface sediments tended to be decreasing from the head to the mouth of the Lake Shihwa. With the deposition of fine-grained sediments in the central part of lake, anoxic water column induced the sulfides compounds with Cu, Cd and Zn. Metals such as Al, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd except for Mn and Pb showed relatively high correlation coefficients among them. The contents of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd in the surface sediments of the lake were two to five times higher than those in the lake before dike construction and also in outer part of the dike. These are mainly due to the Input of untreated industrial and municipal waste-waters into the lake, and the accumulation of heavy metals by limitation of physical mixing. Although metal contents of the surface sediments at the sites near the water-gate due to outer seawater inflow tended to be lower than those during the desalination, heavy metals were deposited in areas around the new industrial complex in the evidence of spatial distribution of heavy metals in the sediments. This is mainly due to the input of untreated waste-waters from tributaries.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.183-190
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• 2010

Biogenic Mn oxides are expected to have great potential in the control of water pollution due to their high catalytic activity, although information on biological Mn oxidation is not currently sufficient. In this study, the growth of a Mn oxidizing microorganism, Pseudomonas putida MnB1, was examined, with the Mn oxides formed by this strain characterized. The growth of P. putida MnB1 was not significantly influenced by Mn(II), but showed a slightly decreased growth rate in the presence of Pb(II) and EE2, indicating their insignificant adsorption onto the cell surface. Mn oxides were formed by P. putida MnB1, but the liquid growth medium and resulting biogenic solids were poorly crystalline, nano-sized particles. Biogenic Mn oxidation by P. putida MnB1 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with stoichiometric amounts of Mn oxides formed, which corresponded with the initial Mn(II) concentration. However, the formation of Mn oxides was inhibited at high initial Mn(II) concentration, suggesting mass transfer obstruction of Mn(II) due to the accumulation of Mn oxides on the extracellular layer. Mn oxidation by P. putida MnB1 was very sensitive to pH and temperature, showing sharp decreases in the Mn oxidation rates outside of the optimum ranges, i.e. pH 7.43-8.22 and around 20-$26^{\circ}C$.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.288-301
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• 1995

Rates of the sedimentation and particle mixing have been estimated by applying uranium-series disequilibrium techniques to three sediment cores collected from the korea Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) site between the clarion and Clipperton Fracture Zones (CCFZ) of the Equatorial Pacific. Sedimentation rates based on the profiles of excess /SUP 230/Th activity and /SUP 230/ Th/SUB xs//SUP 232/ Th activity ratios at the southeastern part of the study area were estimated to be in the order of a few millimeters per thousand year, while at the northwestern part a factor of ten lower. Excess activities of /SUP 230/Th and /SUP 230/Th ratios showed intervals of constant values in the upper part of the sediment cores, probably generated by biological particle mixing. A "two-box" advection-diffusion steady state mixing model was employed in order to estimate particle mixing rates in the upper and the lower layers, based on the distribution profiles of excess /SUP 210/Pb activities. Particle mixing coefficients were estimated to be in the order of 10$^1$ cm$^2$/y in the upper layer and 10/SUP -1/-10/SUP 0/ cm$^2$/y in the lower layer.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2003

Shihwa tidal freshwater marsh was constructed recently to treat pollutants entering Shihwa lake. In this study, we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of heavy metal accumulation in soils of Shihwa marsh and sought correlations between several soil variables (pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and acid ammonium oxalate-extractable Fe and Al contents) and the heavy metal concentration of soils. Surface soil samples (0∼20 cm) were collected in June 2000, November 2000, and July 2001, and were analyzed for heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, As, and Hg) and soil chemical properties. The neutral pH and water-saturated conditions of Shihwa marsh appeared to favor immobilization of heavy metal through adsorption onto soils. The concentrations of heavy metal (especially Zn, Cu, and Cr) in soils of Shihwa marsh increased along the sampling occasions, suggesting that soils of Shihwa marsh serve as a sink of heavy metal. Among the sub-marshes, metal concentrations were highest in Banweol high marshes and lowest in Samhwa marshes. The temporal and spatial variations in the heavy metal concentrations of soils were correlated positively with organic matter and oxalate extractable Fe and Al contents, but negatively with electrical conductivity. These results suggest that organic matter and hydrous oxide of Fe/Al may playa key role in removing heavy metals in soils of Shihwa marsh, and that heavy metal removing capacity would increase with desalinization. However, the removal patterns of heavy metal by reeds warrant further studies to evaluate the total removal capacity of heavy metals by Shihwa marsh.