• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.581-586
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• 1994

Effect of excess and deficiency of PbO on the sintering and electrical properties of tetragonal Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 were investigated. Fired density revealed maximum value with 4 wt% of excess PbO, and decreased with increasing amount of both excess and deficient PbO. Grain size increased with excess PbO, and decreased with deficiency of PbO. It appeared that excess PbO forms a liquid phase to enhance grain growth and completely volatilizes after sintering, whereas ZrO2 particles formed in PbO-deficient PZT inhibit grain growth. The change in the values of the equivalent circuit elements of PZT corresponded well with thar of porosity formed by excess and deficiency of PbO; kp, Co and Cm decreased while Qm, Rm and Lm increased conosiderably with porosity. This change was more pronounced in PbO-deficient type probably due to change in Zr/Ti ratio of PZT.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 1979

Theoretical and practical aspects are investigated for electrochemical behavious, plating processes and the structures of electrodeposit of Pb-Sn binary alloy plating through numerous literatures in this report. The anodic and cathodic electrode reaction mechanisms of Pb and Sn could co-deposit and make Pb-Sn alloy deposit from the results of cathode current density-cathode potential curves of Pb, Sn and Pb-Sn alloys in fluoborate solutions. The compositions of the best alloy plating solutions are obtained for the purpose of bearing, anticorrosion and solder plating. In general, the casting anodes of Pb-Sn alloys are used, but separated anodes of Pb and Sn pure metal are used in order to obtain the fine compositions of Pb-Sn alloy deposits. The electrodeposits of Pb-Sn alloy are in nonequilibrium state and saturated solid solutions. Thus, ${\beta}$-phase (Sn-phase) is precipitated by heat treatment. The texture and structure of the electrodeposit are associated with the surface energies of deposit lattice planes and with the cathode polarization. The electrodeposit of Pb-Sn alloy is shown as lamellar structure.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.667-672
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• 1998

Columbite precursor 방법을 이용하여 제조한 Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 세라믹계의 초전특성을 $1000^{\circ}C$에서 $1250^{\circ}C$의 소결온도 범위에서 관찰하였다. Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 계는 전형적인 완화형 강유전특성을 나타내었다. $1250^{\circ}C$에서 2시간 소결한 $Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-PbTiO_3$ 세라믹의 경우, 높은 소결밀도와 향상된 초전특성을 얻을수 있었다. $Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-PbTiO_3$세라믹은 항온장치를 이용할 경우 초전 센서로의 응용가능성을 나타내었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2014

To determine Pb species in soils following the immobilization process, sequential extraction has been used despite the possibility of overestimating Pb species from unintended reactions during chemical extraction. Meanwhile, the application of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) has been shown to provide a more precise result than chemical extraction. In this study, the immobilization of Pb in contaminated soils treated with liming materials such as oyster shell (OS) or eggshell (ES) was evaluated with thermodynamic modelling and EXAFS analysis. Thermodynamic modelling by visual MINTEQ predicted the precipitation of $Pb(OH)_2$ in OS and ES treated soils. In particular, the values of saturation index (SI) for $Pb(OH)_2$ in OS (SI=0.286) and ES (SI=0.453) treated soils were greater than in the control soil (SI=0.281). Linear combination fitting (LCF) analysis confirmed the presence of $C_{12}H_{10}O_{14}Pb_3$ (lead citrate, 44.7%) by citric acid from plant root, Pb-gibbsite (Pb adsorbed gibbsite, 26.4%), and Pb-kaolinite (Pb adsorbed kaolinite, 20.3%) in the control soil. On the other hand, $Pb(OH)_2$ (16.8%), Pb-gibbsite (39.3%), and Pb-kaolinite (25.6%) were observed in the OS treated soil and $Pb(OH)_2$ (55.2%) and Pb-gibbsite (33.8%) were also confirmed in the ES treated soil. Our results indicate that the treatment with OS and ES immobilizes Pb by adsorption of Pb onto the soil minerals as a result of the increase in soil negative charge and the formation of stable $Pb(OH)_2$ under high pH condition of soils.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.381-385
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• 2003

본 연구는 폐산화철을 이용한 폐수 중금속 제거 가능성을 알아보고자 시도되었다. 실제 폐수와 폐산화철을 적용하기에 앞서 상업적으로 구입가능한 Mn-ferrite를 이용하여 실내 회분식 시험을 통한 흡착실험을 실시하여 pH, 접촉시간, 중금속 농도 및 온도 등과 같은 다양한 흡착 조절인자들을 이용하여 페라이트에 의한 Cd과 Pb의 흡착 및 제거특성을 알아보았다. 접촉시간을 1에서 360분까지 변화하여 흡착속도를 측정하였으며 일정온도에서 Cd와 Pb의 농도를 변화시켜 흡착등온선을 구하였다. 또한 온도(15∼35$^{\circ}$)와 pH(4∼10) 변화에 따른 흡착특성 변화를 고찰하였다. Cd과 Pb는 Freundlich 식에 잘 맞았으며 Cd에 비하여 Pb가 더 흡착이 잘 되었다. pH가 높을수록 Cd와 Pb가 더 잘 흡착되었으며 이는 pH증가에 따라 수소이온 농도가 감소하고 결과적으로 표면의 흡착가용 장소가 증가하기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 같은 pH에서 원소의 농도가 증가할 때 흡착이 더 잘 일어났다. 온도 역시 Pb와 Cd의 흡착능에 영향을 미쳤으며 Pb의 경우 온도가 증가할수록 흡착정도가 높아지는 반면 Cd의 경우 덜 흡착이 되었다. Cd는 Pb에 비하여 더 온도에 영향을 받으며 이러한 Cd와 Pb의 흡착특성 차이는 Cd에 비하여 Pb가 더 hard한 특성 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 폐산화철을 이용하여 각종 폐수 중금속을 제거하는 공정에 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 청정기술
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.292-296
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• 2010

황화납(PbS)을 감응물질로 하는 양자점 감응형 태양전지를 제작하고 효율을 측정해 보았다. 기판에 산화아연(ZnO) 나노선을 기른 후 SILAR(Successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction)법으로 PbS 양자점을 합성하고 이를 주사전자현미경(SEM), X-선 회절(XRD)을 통해 확인하였다. SILAR를 통해서 형성된 나노이종구조는 PbS 나노입자들이 ZnO 나노선 위에 균일하게 성장한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 실험에서 PbS을 이용한 양자점 감응형 태양전지의 최고 효율은 one sun에서 0.075%로 나타났으며, 이는 기존의 다른 감응 물질에 비해 비교적 낮은 효율을 나타내었다. 이러한 요인으로는 i) ZnO와 PbS의 밴드갭 배열이 Type-I 형을 이룰 수 있는 가능성, ii) 다양한 크기의 밴드갭을 가지는 PbS에 의한 전자이동 방해 효과, iii) 전해질에 의한 PbS의 안정성 저하 등의 이유를 생각해 볼 수 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위해서는 PbS의 크기분포 조절과 새로운 전해질에 대한 연구가 향후 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of Pb uptake by Pinus densiflora and the Pb fraction in forest soil. We also investigated the change in soil physicochemical characteristics, microbial activity, and root exudates of Pinus densiflora in Pb-contaminated soils. Three-year-old pine seedlings were exposed to 500 mg/kg Pb for 12 months. The metal fractions were measured using sequential extraction procedures. Additionally, factors that affect solubility (three soil enzyme activities and amino acids of root exudate compounds) were also determined. The results showed that Pb contamination significantly decreased enzyme activities due to soil characteristics. In addition, organic matter, nitrate content, and Pb concentration were time dependent. The results indicate that changes in the Pb fraction affected Pb uptake by pine trees due to an increase in the exchangeable Pb fraction. The concentrations of organic acids were higher in Pb-spiked soil than those in control soil. Higher rhizosphere concentrations of oxalic acid resulted in increased Pb uptake from the soil. These results suggest that pine trees can change soil properties using root exudates due to differences in the metal fraction.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.245-250
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• 2019

Prussian blue (PB) is well known for its excellent $Cs^+$ ions adsorption capacity. Due to the high dispersibility of PB in aqueous phase, composite materials imbedding PB in supporting materials have been introduced as a solution. However, building PB particles inside porous supporting materials is still difficult, as PB particles are not fully formed and elute out to water. In this study, we suggest layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly to provide better immobilization of PB on supporting materials of poly vinyl alcohol sponge (PVA) and cellulose filter (CF). Three different PB attachment methods, ex-situ/in-situ/LBL assembly, were evaluated using PB leaching test as well as $Cs^+$ adsorption test. Changes of surface functionality and morphology during PB composite preparation protocols were monitored through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that LBL assembly led to better PB attachment on supporting materials, bringing less eluting PB particles in aqueous phase compared to other synthesis methodologies, such as ex-situ and in-situ synthesis. By enhancing the stability of the adsorbent, adsorption capacity of PVA-PB with LBL improved nine times and that of CF-PB improved over 20 times. Therefore, the results suggest that LBL assembly offers a better orientation for growing PB particles on porous supporting materials.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2009

Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitously occurring environmental heavy metal which is widely used in industry and human life. Possibly due to a global industrial expansion, recent studies have revealed the prevalent human exposure to Pb and increased risk of Pb toxicity. Once ingested by human, 95% of absorbed Pb is accumulated into erythrocytes and erythrocytes are known to be a prime target for Pb toxicity. Most of the studies were however, focused on $Pb^{2+}$ whereas the effects of $Pb^{4+}$, another major form of Pb on erythrocytes are poorly understood yet. In this study, we investigated and compared the effects of $Pb^{4+}$, $Pb^{2+}$ and other heavy metals on procoagulant activation of erythrocytes, an important factor for the participation of erythrocytes in thrombotic events in an effort to address the cardiovascular toxicity of $Pb^{4+}$. Freshly isolated erythrocytes from human were incubated with $Pb^{4+}$, $Pb^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Ag^+$ and the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), key marker for procoagulant activation was measured using flow cytometry. As a result, while $Cd^{2+}$ and $Ag^+$ did not affect PS exposure, $Pb^{4+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ induced significantly PS exposure in a dose-dependent manner. Of a particular note, $Pb^{4+}$ induced PS exposure with a similar potency with $Pb^{2+}$. PS bearing microvesicle (MV), another important contributor to procoagulant activation was also generated by $Pb^{4+}$. These PS exposure and MV generation by $Pb^{4+}$ were well in line with the shape change of erythrocyte from normal discocytes to MV shedding echinocytes following $Pb^{4+}$ treatment. Meanwhile, nonspecific hemolysis was not observed suggesting the specificity of $Pb^{4+}$-induced PS exposure and MV generation. These results indicated that $Pb^{4+}$ could induce procoagulant activation of erythrocytes through PS exposure and MV generation, suggesting that $Pb^{4+}$ exposure might ultimately lead to increased thrombotic events.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 1992

Pb, Zn tolerance of phaseolus multiflorus was investigated, based on the elongation of root and stem, pollen Germination and progeny quality in various pb, zn concentrations. The result obtained by water culture showed that the growth of roots and steams of phaseolus multiflorus from pb-zn mine site is less inhivited than that of the control site. The flower of phaseolus multiflorus from which pollen was taken were grown without added pb, zn and percent germination of pollen observed in a range of pb, zn concentrations. The percent germination of pollen from pb-zn mine site was higher than the control site. phaseolus multiflorus collected at a pb-zn mine site and the control site was site were grown at different pb, zn concentrations, its progeny was retreated with same concentrations of pb-zn mine site was more vigorous than the control site. thus, pb-zn tolerance was able to expressed in both pollen and sporophytes.