• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.212-222
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify correlations in hospital nurses' work environment, emotional labor and happiness index to provide basic resources for nurses' happiness at work. Methods: Resources were gathered from 291 nurses who agreed to participate. Random sampling of nurses in nine hospitals in G-do was done between July 15 and August 14, 2014. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$ tests, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: Mean scores (scale of 5) were nurses' work environment, 2.81, emotional labor, 3.24, and happiness index, 2.94. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: age, marriage, children, clinical experience, position, payment, and future work plans and a negative correlation between work environment and emotional labor, emotional labor and happiness index but a positive correlation between happiness index and work environment. Happiness index was influenced by work environment, emotional labor, future work plans. Explanatory power of these variables was 26%. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, so it is necessary to improve the work environment and reduce the frequency of emotional labor in order to increase the happiness index of hospital nurses.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.41-53
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• 1999

Fashion marketing channels experience conflicts inevitably because of constant interaction among fabric producers, apparel manufacturers, contractors, and retailers. However, it is rarely that attempts has been made to identify causes of conflicts in distribution channel of fashion industry. The purpose of this study was to explore causes of conflicts from the standpoint of a contractor. For this study, data were collected from the owner or the manager represented with a contractor in fashion maketing channels. By means of in-depth interviews with multiple informants, their statement was analyzed qualitatively. From analysis of the resulting data, the causes of conflict were associated with two broad sets, attitudinal and structural differences between apparel manufacturers and contractors. First, attitudinal sources of conflict were identified as perception of subordinated relationships between channel members, delayed announcement on order changes, difficulties in communication by using different terms, different expectations between channel members in controlling product quality, and lack of credit in inspecting products. Second, structural sources of conflict involved unilateral decision on wages for contracting, lengthy payment period derived from a bill of credit, deficient autonomy in selecting auxiliary suppliers, unreasonable issues on lead time, and unfair transaction in selecting a contractor or inspecting finished products. There are limitations on generalization due to the results based on interviews, but this study will be a useful exploratory step before designing a large scale survey.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.941-951
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• 2012

As smartphones permeate the consumer lifestyle, branded application and mobile shopping have also received increased attention as an important marketing channel. This study identifies the general information about the use of smartphones, attitudes toward fashion applications, and mobile shopping intentions for smartphone users. Focus group interviews were conducted and 22 interviewees participated. The age of the participants ranged from 21 to 45 years old (55% were females). When examining the motivation to adopt a smartphone, respondents presented the comparable characteristics of early adopters and late adopters according to the time of adoption. Most respondents over the age of 30 showed some troubles to use a smartphone; however, participants in their 20s tended to enjoy exploring the new technology. More than half of respondents were aware of fashion applications, but were dissatisfied with fashion apps and used them infrequently. Respondents pointed out that fashion related apps were not too practical because they were not updated regularly, provided only limited information, and focused on brand promotions. In order to increase the intention to adopt mobile shopping, the price and payment security system needs to be considered. This was an exploratory study to identify the possibility of fashion branded apps as a major distribution channel. The findings of this study provide fundamental information to formulate marketing strategies for fashion businesses that have developed fashion apps.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.3-14
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• 2004

This study examined how product characteristics and system characteristics have affected user's economic, psychological and operating satisfaction and intention of repurchase in Internet shopping malls. The results of the study were as follows: First, it showed that product characteristics and user satisfaction have significant differences; the ability to recognize economic and psychological user satisfaction differs according to the characteristics of the product. It also showed that the degree of psychological and operating user satisfaction varies according to the convenience of order and payment as well as the convenience of the system and customer service. Second, it was found that economic, psychological and operational user satisfaction had an effect on customer's intention to repurchase. This study, focusing on particular variants of on-line shopping, found that characteristics of product and system had a great impact on user satisfaction and intention to repurchase. For the firms who run internet shopping malls, therefore more attention should be directed to the convenience of products and system problems in their services since it is so easy for customers to move to another shopping site with a simple click. The result of such an investigation may lead customers to repurchase by increasing their satisfaction with the shopping services.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.103-109
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• 2007

Payment and security requirement are playing an increasingly critical role in RFID system, allegedly the core of the ubiquitous, especially in logistics. Therefore, security technology has been playing essential role gradually unlike the past when only the perception of equipment was considered important technology. The current encoding system allows the access only to the user who has the secret key. Many encoding algorithm has been studied to ensure the security of secret key. Security protocol is the most typical way to authorize appropriate user perception by using the data and secret key to proceed the encoding and transmit it to the system in order to confirm the user. However, RFID system which transmits more than dozens of data per second cannot be used if the algorithm and protocol of the existing wired system are used because the performance will degrade as a consequence. Security protocol needs to be designed in consideration of property of RFID and hardware. In this paper, a protocol was designed using SNEP(Sensor Network Encryption Protocol), the security protocol used for the sensor similar to RFID- not the current system used in wired environment- and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography: oval curve encoding), the encoding algorithm.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the trend of the study of elderly housing for the suggestion of the direction in Korea. This study was the first series about the study of elderly housing and analysed the 164 pieces of researches in Japan. The data were analysed classification with contents first, then examined the class in chronological order, and suggest the trend in the study of elderly housing in Japan. 1. The study of elderly facilities was reported the highest interest and was completed in the latter half of the 1980s except the payment elderly home in Japan. 2. Their second interest was the study of general elderly housing. Rural elderly facilities as a local elderly housing were researched frequently. 3. The study of housing for three generation was studied much in early 1980s, but decreased concerns these days. The study of housing for the elderly was studied the latter of 1980s and concerns were sustained. 4. Trend of the study of elderly housing was classified as follows; 1950s was the stage of unconsciousness, 1960s was the stage of sprout, 1970s was the stage of blossom, 1980s was the stage in full bloom and then the study was peak in 1986 and slowly decrease the concern. 5. In 1990s the study of elderly housing was moved into elderly facilities in a consumer's view and older people's life their family relation.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.33
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• pp.247-275
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• 2007

This paper is to propose the Direction for the institutional improvement of Financial Supply Chain Management(FSCM) Solution which are currently coming into operation under Global e-Trading Platform. The Financial Supply Chain compromise the entire trade processes and information that manage a trader's cash, Accounts payable and receivable, Risk, working capital, and so on in international trade transaction. From a buyer's perspective, this involves the full procurement-to-payment process. For the seller, it is the order-to-cash cycle. Bolero provides the party concerned a e-trade platform which conformed to these fundamental pre-requisites to underpin fully electronic trade. But this FSCM solution have failed to provide the efficient platform to effectively manage the process of Global e-Trade because it does not correspond with e-Trade environment. Therefore, present FSCM system need the institutional improvement as follows: AA) Strengthening the role of the correspondent Bank under e-Trade System, BB) Extending the function of e-Trade intermediary institution, CC) The introduction of Trade Insurance System, etc. So, by streamlining and automating these processes on an open and flexible platform, The party concerned can optimize their trade transaction and maintain better relations with their business partners

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.139-164
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• 2011

Traditionally courts have been adopted over the years two standards of dealing with compliance of documents such as strict compliance and substantial compliance and the substantial compliance, which was somewhat less demanding than the strict compliance. However the new guidelines of ICC's international standard banking practice for the examination of documents under documentary credits set up how the UCP is to be applied in practice. The payment obligations of an issuing bank to a beneficiary are independence of the performance or the nonperformance of any contract underlying the letter of credit. However, strictly applying the principle of independence and abstraction could produce unfair results by operating unjustly enrich an unscrupulous beneficiary in case of fraud. Accordingly, when a beneficiary presents complying documents, the issuing bank is bound to honour the presentation unless the fraud rule applies on the facts of the case such as forged or material fraud. If it does, the issuing bank(issuer) needs not pay despite the complying presentation of documents by the beneficiary under the Uniform Commercial Code Article 5-109 and case law in America. However the fraud rule was not addressed in UCP 600. In conclusion, view in terms of legal principle and the court cases is variable and difficult to honour or dishonour the presentation in case of application of the independence principle and fraud rule such as the problems on burden of proof timely, possibility of granting injunction in order to protect against victim for bona fide applicant.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.543-553
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• 2013

This study analyzes the influence of price, product and promotion on clothing impulse buying according to internet shopping mall type. This study conducted a survey of 346 male and female consumers in their 20s-40s who have experienced clothing impulse buying from an internet shopping mall. Respondents were selected using convenience sampling through an online survey conducted in August 2012. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, $X^2$-test, factor analysis, and regression analysis where carried out using SPSS for Windows 12.0. The results were as follows. First, there were significant differences for consumer gender, age, marital status, and education on clothing impulse buying according to shopping mall type. Second, there were differences for the influence of each component (price, product and promotion) on clothing impulse buying according to shopping mall type. Third, it was identified that influence of components (price, product and promotion) on clothing impulse buying were in the following order: low price, freshness, prize promotion, scarcity, open market price discount, prize promotion, freshness, fashionability, low price in general shopping malls, payment term benefit, freshness, and scarcity in fashion SOHO shopping malls. This study provides information for consumer management and promotion strategies according to each shopping mall type by understanding clothing impulse buying by consumers and factors according to shopping mall type.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2016

The more a society becomes complicated and diversified along with the economic development, the more diverse l earning types the educational activities had beyond the existing educational approaches to cope with the complicated and diversified society. In particular, field studies and opportunity to use the dangerous educational appliances have been increasing in order to cope with the desires of education consumers requiring diversity and the individuality of students has been strengthened. In accordance with the trends above, the school accidents have been gradually increasing in recent days. Thus, this paper aims to propose the suggestions to teachers in real education fields by investigating the problems in compensation system of School Safety and Insurance Association against which the victim s of any school safety accidents firstly claim for the damages, the problems in the present system of the Association and how to improve the system in terms of the payment scope of the Association.