• 융합경영연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-26
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the method of calculating the usage fee, rent, and lease rights of public goods necessary for the operation and management of the underground shopping mall, and to suggest systematic improvement points for the operation of the underground shopping mall. Data and Methodology: First, ordinances and regulations related to common property were investigated. Second, previous studies were analyzed. A survey was conducted with five questions that conflict with the interests of underground shopping mall merchants among the ordinances and operating systems related to the current underground shopping malls' common property. Results: Underpass merchants wanted monthly payment for the use of common property, and merchant organizations wanted to limit the increase rate with the right to use. They asked for the property value due to donation to be excluded from the loan fee, they wanted to revise the Common Property Act on the transfer of lease rights, and they wanted to revise the loan contract renewal period. Conclusion: There is a need to improve the laws and systems for underground shopping malls, and it will have to be negotiated according to the opinions of the merchants gathered among them, and it will have to be implemented in stages in the long term.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1866-1877
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• 2008

본 연구는 패션 유통업에서 급성장 하고 있는 전자상거래를 중심으로, 고객이 쇼핑몰과의 거래를 통해 경험하게 되는 불만족 요인을 파악하고, 불만족과 불평행동, 불평행동과 고객과 쇼핑몰간의 관계지향성의 영향 관계를 파악하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위한 자료는 질문지를 이용하였고, 인터넷에서 패션제품을 구매한 후불만 혹은 불평행동을 해본 경험이 있는 275명의 대학생을 연구대상으로 하였다. 자료분석을 위해 기술통계분석, 요인분석, Cronbach' $\alpha$, 상관관계분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 인터넷 패션 쇼핑몰에서의 구매 후 고객 불만족은 제품품질, 반품/교환/AS, 가격, 거래계약, 배달 및 결제관련 불만으로 분류되었으며, 비교적 품질과 배달관련 불만이 가장 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 고객 불만족, 불평행동 및 관계지향성간의 관련성이 높게 나타났으며, 고객 불만이 높을수록 불평행동도 높은 것으로 파악되었다. 한편, 불평행동이 높을수록 고객 충성은 낮아지고 태만 및 이탈행동은 높아지는 것으로 파악되었다. 특히 사적 불평행동이 높을수록 고객 충성은 낮아진 반면, 태만과 이탈은 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.570-577
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• 2017

일개요양병원에 입원한 호스피스 환자에게 제공되고 있는 직종별 호스피스 완화의료 서비스 행위와 빈도를 파악하여 향후 요양병원 호스피스 완화의료 수가 개발의 기초자료를 마련하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 후향적 연구로 요양병원에 사망한 12명의 말기암환자에 대한 의무기록을 자료 로 임종 전 6개월 동안 1개월 간격으로 호스피스 완화의료 서비스 행위를 조사하였다. 직종별 호스피스 완화의료 서비스 행위를 살펴보면 의사는 수혈, 보호자 면담, 투약설명 등, 간호인력은 석션, 산소공급, 환자상태관찰, 투약 간호, 위관영양 등을, 그 외 사회복지사는 개별프로그램적용, 물리치료사는 전기신경자극치료, 영양사는 영양평가와 영양관리, 요양보호사는 식사 및 영양보조, 기저귀교체 등을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 조사대상 요양병원을 분석한 결과 요양병원의 호스피스 완화의료 서비스는 미흡한 실정으로 급성기 중환자에게 제공되는 공격적이며 적극적인 서비스가 중심이 되고 있어 편안하고 존엄한 임종 돌봄이 제공되지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 요양병원에서 제공되는 호스피스 완화의료 서비스 질을 향상시켜 노인들이 삶의 마지막 순간을 존엄하고 평화롭게 맞이할 수 있도록 호스피스 완화의료 수가적용 등의 제도적 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2019

Background: The food and food service influence the quality of life and the general health condition of older persons living in long-term care (LTC) facilities. Purchasing good food materials is a ground of good food service. In Korea, the residents in LTC facilities should pay for the cost of food materials and ingredients out of their pocket because it is not covered by LTC insurance. This study explored what factors affect the cost of food materials paid by LTC facility residents and which factor affects most. Methods: We used data from the study on out-of-pocket payment on national LTC insurance, which surveyed 1,552 family caregivers of older residents in LTC facilities. We applied conditional multi-level model, of which the first level represents the characteristics of care receivers and caregivers and its second level reflects those of LTC facilities. Results: We found that the facility residents with college-graduated family caregivers paid 11,545 Korean won more than those with less than elementary-graduated ones. However, the income level of family caregivers did not significantly affect the amount of the food material cost of the residents. The residents in privately owned, large, metropolitan-located facilities were likely to pay more than those in other types of facilities. The amount of the food material cost of the residents was mainly decided by the facility level factors rather than the characteristics of care recipients and their family caregivers (intra-class correlation=82%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that it might be effective to design a policy targeting facilities rather than residents in order to manage the cost of food materials of residents in LTC facilities. Setting a standard price for food materials in LTC facilities, like Japan, could be suggested as a feasible policy option. It needs to inform the choice of LTC users by providing comparable food material cost information. The staffing requirement of nutritionist also needs to be reviewed.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제48권
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• pp.127-155
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• 2010

The international transactions of capital goods such as industrial plant exports, overseas constructions, and shipbuilding exports, are so huge that tremendous amount of funds are required, and that most of the loans are long-term credits of over five years. In the export of huge capital goods, financing is more crucial than technology itself. Some of the importing countries are developing ones that are politically and economically unstable. Therefore the financing mechanism for these transactions is conclusive in winning these projects. Global financial market instability caused by US sub-prime mortgage financial crisis expanded all over the world, and the international transactions have been decreased due to global credit crisis. This indicates how much influential the financing market is in international transactions. The financing schemes are classified into supplier credit and buyer credit by who provides the financing. A supplier credit is a credit extended by an exporter(seller) to an importer(buyer) as part of an export contract. Cover for this transaction may be extended by an export credit agency('ECA') to the exporter. In a sales contract a seller shall provide fund required to manufacture goods, and in a construction contract a contractor shall provide fund required to complete a construction. A buyer credit is an arrangement in which an exporter enters into a contract with an importer, which is financed by means of a loan agreement A Comparative Study on a Supplier Credit and a Buyer Credit in International Transactions of Capital Goods 155 where the borrower is the importer. In a sales contract a buyer shall provide fund required to manufacture and procure the goods, and in a construction contract an owner shall provide fund required to complete a construction. Therefore an exporter is paid on progressive payment method. A supplier credit and a buyer credit have their own advantages and disadvantages in the respect of the parties respectively. These two financing methods are selectively used considering financing conditions such as funding cost, importer's and/or exporter's financial conditions, importing country's political risk.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.83-114
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• 2001

This paper is focussed on the main features and problems of SGA amendment. main features and problems are as below. First, SGA section 14 uses a new term, that of "satisfactory quality", which is defined in a somewhat circular way and introduces some guidelines in order to solve other problems perceived as arising under the "merchantable quality". The change was largely to assist in the better resolution of consumer disputes and not necessary for commercial disputes because the change involves the substitution of a phrase which meant something but was inappropriate to commercial disputes. As with the definition of "merchantable quality", a court can take the new formulation as an invitation to start afresh; or it can refer to the previous case law. Second, before the SGA amendment, a contract for the sale of undifferentiated part of a bulk shipped or to be shipped on a named ship was a contract for the sale of unascertained goods. So the effect was that property could not pass to the buyer, even though he had paid the price in full, before the goods become ascertained. The main object of the SGA amendment was to improve the buyer's position where he had paid for a specified quantity of goods forming an undifferentiated part of an identified bulk and the seller then became insolvent before the goods for which the buyer had paid were ascertained. The improvement was achieved by making section 16 of the SGA 1979 subject to a new section 20A and includig section 20B, under which a buyer of a specified quantity bulk can acquire a proprietary interest in the bulk. This proprietary solution still has some problems in international sale of goods. Therefore, it would be more appropriated SGA should settle disputes between parties through payment, passing of risk, delivery of goods and/or documents etc. instead of property rights like UCC.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2015

한국은 2050년까지 주요 선진국 중에서 고령화가 가장 심각한 사회로 전환되게 될 것으로 예상된다. 기대여명의 증가와 저 출산은 고령화를 더욱 악화시키며, 이는 심각한 사회문제로 발전하게 될 것이다. 이와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해 한국정부는 2008년에 도시지역에는 주택연금제도를 도입하였으며, 2011년에는 세계 최초로 농촌지역을 대상으로 농지연금제도를 도입하였다. 그렇지만 이와 같은 제도는 설계 당시부터 복지상품이라기 보다는 장기적으로 손실과 수익의 균형에 초점을 둔 금융상품으로 개발되어 실질적으로 노인들에게 크게 인기를 얻지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 농지연금제도를 활성화시켜, 농촌노인들에게 보다 더 많은 혜택을 주기 위해 지역 토지시장을 감안하여 지역별 농지가격상승률을 예측하고 연금액을 산출하였다. 또, 지금까지 사용한 년 혹은 분기별 감정가 대신에 월별, 지역별 실거래 가격을 모형에 적용하여 지역토지시장, 고령화 수준 등 지역 여건에 부합하는 연금액을 산출하였다. 할인율자료도 가장 안정적인 3년 만기 국고채 수익률을 활용하여 미래농지가격을 예측하고, 이를 유동화하여 월 생활자금으로 지급되도록 하였다. 특히 농지규모가 가장 많고, 고령화 정도가 심각하여 농지연금의 잠재적 수요가 가장 높을 것으로 예상되는 경상북도와 전라남도를 사례지역으로 선정하고, 이를 전국평균과 비교하여 지역적인 차이도 함께 분석하였다. 이를 위해 농지가격 및 이자율 시계열 자료의 안정성을 검정하고, 장기농지가격을 예측하였다. 이를 활용하여 경북, 전남, 전국의 노인들의 월평균 지급액을 추정하였다. 분석결과 정책의 잠재적 수요가 가장 높은 두 지역이 가장 낮은 금액이 지급되는 것으로 추정되어 이는 또 다른 지역불균형을 초래할 수 있는 것으로 평가되었다.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.23-48
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• 2008

Although the universal health insurance, National Health Insurance (NHI), have improved access to health care and financial burden of health care costs for Koreans, limited coverage of the NHI leads to high out-of-pocket payment for health care. This study examines financial burden of household health expenditures by income level. Data from the Urban Household Expenditure Survey from 1985 through 2005 is analyzed and household expenditure is used as a proxy measure for income. Health expenditures include spending for inpatient care, ambulatory care and pharmaceuticals. If a household spends health expenditure above 40% of household consumption except for foods, that is defined as catastrophic health expenditure. Access to health care for the lowest income group had been improved for two decades relative to other income groups as well as in absolute term. However, both financial burden of health expenditures and the proportion of households that experienced catastrophic health expenditure had been increased in the lowest income group. Study findings have several policy implications. First, in terms of financial burden of health expenditures. the differences among income groups decreased until 2000 but it was worsen in 2005. This suggests that recent policies for extending NHI coverage are not enough to improve the disparity by income level. Second, a differential catastrophic coverage by income level would be an effective strategy that relieves financial burden for low income group. Third, since the catastrophic coverage is applied to only covered services by the NHI, additional strategy for uncovered services should be considered.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.195-212
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• 2005

International trade has been changed from traditional trade to e-trade due to the fast expanding of information technology like e-marketplace, EDI (Electronic data interchange) using Internet since mid of 1990's. e-Trade, as a new trade method, could handle every trade procedure such as market research, contract, customs clearance, logistics and payment using IT like internet without restriction of time and space. The evolution of transaction-based business model is upon us. The business models of many e-Marketplace in their early stages have typically been based on transaction fees. Many e-Marketplaces have even called out transaction revenues as a core element of their business plans. The transaction business represents the most simple of business models, but it does not provide a long-term sustain able advantage. For buyer's convenience, wide selection and test price hold appeal. For suppliers, the extended global market reach and direct access to customers and consortiums of customers is powerful. To maximize leverage of these new e-marketplace, you must from both a buyer perspective as well as a supplier perspective. Also required is a strategy that takes in account all of the various e-Marketplace transaction standards and one that allows the easy accomodation to new e-marketplace as the market change. These new e-marketplace will need to be factored into the sales channel strategies. To be successful, integration with these e-marketplaces should occur at a complete business process level. This study would suggest on the role of buyers and sellers for e-trade which could maximize effect of e-trade in order to cope with rapid changing IT environment and global trade environment. Therefore, this study suggests top priority tasks for implementing on the specialization strategy of e-trade process.