• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop the technique for cultivation of forage crops using swine slurry in fallow paddy land located in the mid-mountain area (FPL). The field experiments were carried out from 2007 to 2009 on FPL at Kumsan, Chungbuk province in Korea. Swine slurry was prepared which decayed for 6 months. The experimental plots were consisted of seven treatments; tall fescue-based mixed pasture applied with chemical fertilizer (Control), mono-tall fescue pasture (MTF), tall fescue-based mixed pasture (TFBM), mono-Perennial ryegrass (MPR), mono-Italian ryegrass (MIR), mono-Red clover (MRC and mono), Reed canarygrass (MRCG) applied with swine slurry. The field of tall fescue-based pasture had been sown with a grasses mixture containing 'Fawn' tall fescue, 'potomac' orchardgrass, 'Reveille' Perennial ryegrass, and 'kenblue' Kentuky bluegrass, 'Kenland' Red clover. Seeding rates were 16, 6, 4, 2 and 2 (kg) per ha, respectively. DM yields of forages and rates of grass coverage were higher in MTF, TFBM and MRCG as compared with control treatment. This result means that FPL has contained with favorable conditions for growing grass, because forage productivity is more than 14.5 tons per ha per year in fallow paddy land. In addition, the farmer can save the trouble of repeated plowing and sowing every year, with the introduction of perennial grasses. The farmer must conduct the re-seeding and induce the improvement of management methods for the elevation of the persistence of red clover and perennial ryegrass, because both red clover and perennial ryegrass having high nutritive value and palatability was less persistent. Therefore, we suggest that FPL may be the good land for forage production utilizing swine slurry and swine slurry can be applied on FPL without any negative effects on DM production and the property of soil. FPL of Korea can be better utilized by applying swine slurry to the mono and/or mixed swards.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-94
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• 2003

Rhizotron technique was used to determine the zone of active root growth in contrasting field situations. The distribution of roots with depth showed most root in the 15∼30 cm layer with fewer in the 0∼15 cm and below 30 cm layer at Lincoln Farm, while root density increased with depth at Winchmore. At Mt Johm (Lake Tekapo) roots were more distributed near soil surface. Root density was increased with fertilizer and irrigation at Mt John. Root number showed the same trends as root length at all lesions. Tube method was good for comparative purposes, and for long-term root growth studies at the same place.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1990

A three year's field experiment was carried out on newly reclaimed tidal saline soils to evaluate the salt tolerance and growht characteristics, and their relationship to dry matter production and nutrient quality of main selected pasture species. Nine temperate grasses (14 varieties) and two forage crops (sorghum and pearl millet) were grown under different mulching treatments with medium sand and red-yellow soils (fine loamy materials of Typic Hapludults) from 1986 to 1988. Tall wheatgrass, tall fescue, reed canarygrass and alfalfa showed a good tolerance to soil salinity, especially tall wheatgrass (cv. Alkar) produced 19.6 ton/ha dry matter yield annualy under mulching treatment with medium sand depth in lcm. Pearl millet (cv. Gahi-3) was also evaluated as a salt tolerable forage species. Under salt stress in newly reclaimed tidal lands, plant showed a decrease in the assimirable leaf area (LA) as well as specific leaf area (SP. LA) and a low leaf weight ratio(LWR), and it resulted in a low concentration of crude protein and low digestible dry matter contents. Absorption of macro and micro elements in the plant on tidal lands was increased markedly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1991

Tall fescue(Festuca amndinacea Schreb.) is a productive pasture grass that is widely adapted to the soil and climate of Korea. It is regarded, however, as relatively low in palatability and nutritive value. On the other hand, Italian ryegrass(lo1ium rnultz$om Lam.) is highly nutritious and palatable, but is essentially weak in cold tolerance. Numerous investigators have succeeded in producing hybrids between Lolium spp. and Festuca spp. but no improved varieties have resulted. Therefore, intergeneric hybridization of Italian ryegrass with tall fescue is employed in 1984 to improve the adaptive and cold resistance quality of Italian ryegrass. In the mean time, F1-hybrid plants obtained by crossing Italian ryegrass x tall fescue were observed in open field. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Leaf-size and silica cell hair were intermediate between the types of parents but the shape of auricle tended to show Italian ryegrass and auricle-cilia to show tall fescue. 2. Roots of $F_1$-hybrid plants were mainly distributed at top soil and did not produced florescence material. 3. Head type of hybrids was intermediate between the types of parents but ray length was somewhat less than the length of tall fescue ray. Typical Italian ryegrass or tall fescue-like phenotypes were not observed. 4. Anthers of $F_1$-hybrid plants were formed but pollen were not formed. Even though pollen were formed, they were all empty. 5. Hybrid plants were more winterhardy and summer persistency than Italian ryegrass. They showed a equivalent growth to Italian ryegrass in spring and to tall fescue in summer. 6. Chromosome of $F_1$-hybrids was allopolyploid(2n=4~=28) and all $F_1$-hybrid plants were sterile.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.779-785
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• 2010

To solve a problem of water supply on urban areas, groundwater recharge has to be assessed not only for evaluating the possibility of groundwater development but also for identifying a sustainable aquifer system for water resource development. The assessment of groundwater recharge has been challenged since the land use has been changed constantly. In this study, the groundwater recharge and its ratio were assessed from 1961 to 2007 in Su-yeong-gu, Busan, South Korea by analyzing precipitation, land use, and soil characteristics. For land use analysis, the urbanization change was considered. The land use areas for the residential, agricultural, forest, pasture, bare soil, and water in 1975 occupy 18.6 %, 30.0%, 48.8%, 0.1%, 2.0%, and 0.5% of total area, respectively. The land use ratios were sharply changed from 1980 to 1985; the agricultural area was decreased to 18.3%, and the residential area was increased to 15.0%. From 1995 to 2000, the agricultural area was decreased to 5.5%, and the residential area was increased to 5.4%. The annual averages of precipitation, groundwater recharge, and its ratio were 1509.3 mm, 216.0 mm, and 14.3% respectively. The largest amount of the groundwater recharge showed in 1970 as 408.9 mm, comparing to 2138.1 mm of annual rainfall. Also, the greatest ratio of the groundwater recharge was 19.8% in 1984 with 1492.6 mm of annual rainfall. The lowest amount and ratio of the groundwater recharge were 71.9 mm and 8.0% in 1988, relative to 901.5 mm of annual precipitation. As a result, it is concluded that rainfall has increased, whereas groundwater recharge has decreased between 1961 and 2007.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2010

A study was conducted to determine the effects the of cattle manure application on forage yield, quality and soil in orchard grass pasture at the experimental field of Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science from 2008 to 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF N-200 kg/ha), cattle manure 50% (basis N, CM50%), CM100% (basis N), CM200% (basis N). The dry matter (DM) yield of CM200% was the highest among the other treatments. CF showed the highest average crude protein (CP) content by 12.4% and CM50% showed the lowest content by 11.0%. Average acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were 30.4 and 69.7% respectively. All treatments have narrow range of total digestibility nutrient (TDN) from 64.0% to 69.1%. But there were big difference between treatment in forage nitrate content. Changes of physical and chemical properties of soils for applications of CF 200% and CM 200% was clearly in cattle manure application. Especially, CM application in pasture increased CF application with respect to soil pH, organic matter (OM), and avaliable phosphorous ($P_2O_5$) contents of soils.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of the dolomite particle and the shell powder on soil characteristics, dry matter yield and nutritive value of forages in loam soil at the experimental field of National Livestock Research Institute, Suwon, from 1994 to 1996. Application treatments were control, lime, dolomite 0.5, 2.0, 4.0mm, and shell powder in mixed pasture. Rate of dust occurrence was greatly decreased according to dolomite application and the dissolving rate in soil was highest in shell powder application among treatments. Although there was no significant difference, average dry matter yield of forages for 3 years was slightly increased with the application of lime, shell powder, dolomite 0.5mm, 4.0mm, 2.0mm and control in order. Both Ca and Mg contents of forages were no differences among treatments in 1994. However, all treatments were higher than those of control in 1995. And K and Na contents of forages were no differences among treatments. Lime requirement was greatly increased from 2,630 to 6,150kg per ha with the lapse of time. Although soil hardness was optimum level at first, it was likely to become hard little by little after treatments. Solid phase of soil was lowered a little except for control. Organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ contents of soil were highest in shell powder application among treatments, and K, Ca and Mg contents of soil were no differences among treatments. Ca content was increased a little in 1995, but decreased a little in 1996 compared to that of soil before treatments in 1994. AIso, Mg content was lowered than that of soil before experiment in 1995 and 1996. The results demonstrated that use of dolomite and shell powder as lime substitutes could be reduced dust problem and coast pollution as well as soil improvement. Therefore, it is desirable to apply the dolomite and the shell powder every 3 years in loam soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 1991

An acid tolerant R. meliloti "YA03" which was characterized through both acidified tube and pot soil experiment, was examined on its inoculation effect to alfalfa[Medicago sativa (L.)]cv. Vernal on hilly acid soil. It was conducted for 2 years to evaluate inoculation residual effect and there were two-fertilizer factors of nitrogen(0.8kg/10a) and lime(0,162kg/10a)as urea and $Ca(OH)_2$, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. In the 1st-year experiment, YA03 inoculated without nitrogen and lime application showed higher symbiotic effectiveness than check strains, YA026 and Rm2011 in nodule mass, $N_2$-fixing activity, and dry matter yield, but with N 8kg/10a application lower effectiveness than Rm2011. 2. In the 2nd-year experiment, Alfalfa dry matter yield by YA03 inoculation with N application(without lime) was 74% higher than that(276 kg/10a) in the 1st year, and the value showed 166%, 20%, and 21% increments as compared with noninoculated control(180kg/10a). YA026(399kg/10a), and Rm2011(397kg/10a), respectively. 3. In the 2nd-year experiment of N applicated plote(without lime), especially, YA03 showed higher shoot nitrogen(7.7kg N/10a/Yr.) fixed and soil rhizobial population($1{\times}10^4\;cells/g.\;soil$) than check strains. 4. On the basis of lime application, application effect of three major fertilizers with YA03 inoculation on alfalfa yield and soil rhizobial population was in the order of $N+P_2O_5+K_2O>P_2O_5+K_2O>P_2O_5+K_2O$. 5. On the whole, alfalfa yield by acid tolerant R. meliloti YA03 inoculation on hilly acid soil was enhanced with nitrogen application, and besides it appeared 44% higher with lime than without lime.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1984

Effects of seed coating on establishment, early growth and herbage production were investigated in Pot, Soil box and Field experiments. Seed was coated with 60% Lime, 20% Phosphate and 20% Peatmoss(W/W), also finely sprayed 13% Arabic gum and 2% Methyl cellulose(W/V). Coating were generally 1:20, seed: coat(W/W). 1. In the general growth of the growing stages and different oversown species at 80 days, seed coated was promoted than none in early growth. (Table 2 and 3) 2. Stand counts at 60 days after oversown, seed coated was higher 15% than none, especially, there was advantage due to coating on the medium and large size seeds such as Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but did not assist establishment of the large (Tall fescue) and small (Ladino clover) size seed. 3. Variation of sward composition was not quite different between two treatments, but seed coated was slightly increased the Percentage of sown grasses with advance of cutting time. 4. Total dry metter yield per unit area with seed coated was higher 17% than none in establishment year. 5. Variations in the chemical composition of the herbage and soil were influenced by coating materials in the coating regime (Table 8). 6. From these facts, seed coated also appeared that adequate seedling stands, early growth and herbage production could be obtained with higher than conventional overseeding method under a poor conditions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 1986

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of three levels of inclination ($10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$) and four rates of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (0-0-0, 14-10-10, 28-25-25, and 42-40-40 kg/10a) on the hilly pasture concerning to establishment, forage yield and quality, and botanical composition in the mixed grass-clover sward set up on a new reclaimed woodland by an oversowing method. This part was concerned with the concentration and mutual balance of mineral nutrients in relation to grass tetany hazard. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Concentration of exchangeable Mg, relative proportions of Mg to CEC, K, and Ca in soil were considerably below the critical level for good forage growth and prevention of grass tetany. These properties were rather worsened by increasing the inclination grade and the NPK rate. 2. Compared with the critical level for the likelihood of tetany (Mg < 0.2%, K > 2.5%, and K/(Ca+Mg) equivalent ratio > 2.2 in forages in DM basis), mean concentration of Mg in mixed forages turned out to range from 0.09 to 0.14%. 2.6% of K concentration and 2.5 of K/(Ca+Mg) equivalent ratio were shown to be at a normal NPK rate. The likelihood of grass tetany was generally enhanced by increasing the inclination grade and the NPK rate. 3. The increasing of the inclination grade and NPK rate rather aggravated the low Mg concentration and unbalanced mutual ratios of mineral nutrients, from which resulted the grass tetany hazard and the depression of forage growth. To prevent these two resulted factors, Mg fertilization on grassland and/or extra Mg supplement to dairy cattle needed to be carried out. 4. The Ca/P ratios in the mixed forages ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 were reduced by the increased rate of NPK, whereas the difference due to inclination grade was yet to be recognized.