• Water for future
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.175-186
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• 1995

Characteristics of runoff and groundwater qualities from a pasture and field were investigated. Flumes and monitoring wells were installed and water qualities of $NO_3$-N, TP and TKN were monitored from Aug. 1993 to Aug. 1994. Runoff from the pasture which was a sandy soil with cobbles mostly formed with seeping water at the bottom of it. But once overland flow occurred because of heavy rainfall, runoff increased sharply. $NO_3$-N concentration in pasture runoff was relatively stable ranging between 0.241-3.962mg/l. TP and TKN concentrations were stable but sharply increased once overland flow occurred. $NO_3$-N concentration in pasture groundwater was relatively stable regardless of depth of monitoring wells but TP and TKN concentrations were smaller in deeper wells. Runoff from the field which was flat and covered well with Sudan grass and surface residue was relatively small and $NO_3$-N, TP and TKN concentrations in runoff were stable and seemed unaffected by flow rate. $NO_3$-N concentration in field groundwater increased at the rate of 2.2mg/l per 100 m during a growing season as groundwater flows through the field. No significant differences in TP and TKN concentrations between the upper and lower areas in field groundwater were detected.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 1985

This experiment was carried out during 1983-1984 to determine an effective method for the introduction of pasture species on nonarable hill country without cultivation. In this experiment, 1.8 and 2.8kg a.i. $ha^{-1}$ rates of glyphosate and a 0.7kg a.i.$ha^{-1}$ rate of paraquat were applied, and also 30, 45 and 60 days intervals between spraying and sowing were used. Establishment of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) was not affected by the application of herbicides, but that of ladino clover (Trifolium repens) was significantly affected by glyphosate and paraquat. It was found that glyphosate and paraquat have no apparent soil residual activity or pre-emergence effect when sprayed 30 to 60 days before sowing. Dry matter yield of pasture species on the herbicide treatments was significantly higher than that on the unsprayed treatments. The highest yield was obtained from the 1.8kg a.i.$ha^{-1}$ rate of glyphosate 45 days before sowing. Botanical analysis at the final cut showed that the shrubs and native grass of original site were reduced to 5% by glyphosate application, but those on the unsprayed control were still 51%. Crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility of herbage on the herbicide treatments were higher than those on the unsprayed treatments. Results indicated that glyphosate was more effective to control resident shrubs and grass than paraquat, and good establishment and higher yield of surface-sown pasture species can be obtained by spraying 1.8 to 2.8kg a.i.$ha^{-1}$ of glyphosate, 30 to 45 days before sowing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1995

Pasture composed of about 30% botanical composition of white clover (Trijolium repem L.) is desirable in its productivity and quality. To get information on maintaining its productivity in the pasture, the experiment was canied out to determine the effect of infrequent, frequent defoliation or their alternation on change of its harvest yield and growth. Individual plants of Regal, Louisiana S-1, Grasslands Huia and Aberystwyth S184 were grown in 22cm plastic pot containing a 2 : 1 : 1 soil : sand : Peat moss mixture for 27 days after transplanting 50day seedlings raised on 3cm pots, and then all their fully expanded leaves are removed. Defoliation treatments were forced every 1 (CC, frequent), 4 week (RR, infrequent) or their alternations (CR, RC) after 8 weeks from the removal. To analyze the treatment effects, plants were sampled on 0 (the removal day), 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the removal and seperated to leaves, petioles, stolons and roots. Each harvest yield of infrequent defoliation (RR) was higher than that of frequent defoliation (CC). Their alternations (RC, CR), however, forced fluctuation of the yield according to defoliation interval. Fraction weights from their altemations showed intermediate ones of infrequent and Frequent defoliation whose weights did the similar result to their harvest yields. Fraction and total dry weights per plant, shoot/root ratio were changed by relative span of defoliation interval, which resulted from the weights of leaves and petioles, removed parts. Root and total dry weight per plant of Regal were greater than the other cultivm in infrequent defoliation interval regardless of continuous or alternations. Productivity of white clover in pasture, therefore, can be controlled by alternation of infrequent and frequent defoliation or reverse.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 1993

This study determined the macro-mineral levels in plants and sheep, at different times during the year, at three farms in northern China. Samples of plants, animal tissues and faeces were collected at 5 to 8 times during the year from each site. They were analysed for calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. Sodium concentrations in plants were below those recommended for optimum animal production at all sites for all or part of the year (0.01-1.66 g/kg DM). Low concentrations of sodium in faeces were measured and signs of sodium deficiency (soil ingestion) were observed on one farm. There were seasonal trends in other mineral levels in plants and animals. Plants were lowest in potassium (2.3-13.4 g/kg DM), magnesium (1.28-4.82 g/kg DM) and phosphorus (0.24-1.62 g/kg DM) in winter and spring. However, high levels of these elements were supplied in the feed supplements used at this time of the year. During the periods of rapid pasture growth, in summer and autumn, supplements of feed and salt are often not provide even though pasture concentrations of phosphorus and sodium are low. It may be at these times that sheep will be most susceptible to deficiencies of these elements.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.499-505
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• 1990

The seasonal availability and abundance of the free-living stages of sheep nematodes is a key factor in the occurrence and severity of parasitic infection, and studies of larvae ecology could result in more rational control measures. In the present study seasonal pasture contamination and availability of nematodes for grazing sheep was examined as a baseline work for nematode control program at Namwon Branch, National Animal Breeding Institute during the period April 1988 through March 1989. Standard meteorological measurements were available from Unbong Sub-station, Honam Crops Experiment Station located about 200m from the experimental site. A total of 5 kinds of nematode larvae was detected: Haemonchus contortus was most prevalent (38.0%) with a decreasing order of Ostertagia spp (35.1%), Trichostrongylus spp (19.8%), nematodirus spp (6.6%), and Oesophagostomum spp (0.5%). A succession of species was recorded, in particular Ostertagia spp in May; Haemonchus contortus in June and July; Trichostrongylus spp in July and August; Nematodirus spp in August and September. These results can be incorporated into the nematode control program. To make a more rational control program, however, repeated herbage larval counts should be undertaken soil larval counts and fecal larval counts in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 1991

A field experiment was conducted during the growing season of 1985 to determine the effects of slope orientation, north and south facing exposures and three different altitudes, 800, 1,000 and 1,200m a.s.1. on the dry matter yield, forage quality and botanical composition of alpine pasture. 1. Total dry matter yield of alpine pasture was influenced by slope orientation and altitude. An average forage yield of both exposures at 1,000m a.s.1. was 9,301kg/ha compared with 10,274kg/ha at 800m a.s.1. and the productivity express in relative percentage decreased by 9.5% per 200m attitudinal increase. 2. An average forage yield of both altitudes, 800 and 1,000m a.s.1. on the south facing exposure was 21.5% higher than that on the north exposure. 3. Crude protein concentration of forage grown on both exposures was lowest at 800m a.s.1. increasing gradually as the altitude increased, but crude fiber concentration decreaced in a manner opposite to that of crude protein. 4. Forage grown on the north facing exposure had a higher concentration of crude protein than that grown on the south facing exposure at the same altitude, but lower concentraion of crude fiber. 5. Orchardgrass and timothy were two main species on both exposures at 800m a.s.1. but timothy was only dominant species at 1,000 and 1,200m a.s.1. and performed well up to 1,200m a.s.1. in alpine area. The economic production limit of orchardgrass would be about 800m a.s.1. in the alpine pasture. 6. No soil property differences were found between the north and south facing exposures as well as three different altitudes in the alpine pasture. It seemed that the previous pasture fertilization of the experimental field completely overshadowed any soil property differences from slope orientation and altitude.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2012

This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (> 5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2007

A study was conducted to determine the trace minerals (Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, Mo, Se, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni) levels in pasture soils and forages collected in Jeju area. Chemical characteristics and total or soluble trace minerals levels in 187 pasture soil samples (76 very dark brown and 111 black soils) were measured. Total trace minerals contents in hay samples of 60 Italian ryegrass, alfalfa and mixture grasses each were assessed. The pasture soils of Jeju were characterized to have low pH (5.1) and to contain low levels of available $P_2O_5$ (20.5 mg/kg) and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, Na (2.6, 0.9, 0.5, 0.2 cmol+/kg, respectively) when comparing to upland soils of Jeju or Korean mainland. All trace elements in total or soluble analysis of pasture soils were detected, and there was a big difference between total and soluble levels. The pasture soils tended to have the higher total Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn contents. Cr in all forages was not detected, but other trace minerals levels showed normal range. The hay samples of Italian ryegrass and mixture grasses produced in Jeju tended to contain higher Mn (105 vs 23 mg/kg) and lower Mo (2.7 vs 4.9 mg/kg) than those of alfalfa hay imported from USA. Results show that trace minerals of pasture soils and forages in Jeju seem to be not deficient, indicating that supplementation of some trace minerals are not always necessary in diets for grazing animals and should be done after careful evaluation of diets with regard to concentrations and biological availability of essential elements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.428-435
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to clarify the most effective component of grazing for improving welfare of fattening pigs. This study compared welfare indicators of 20 fattening pigs aged 100 to 124 days (the prior period) and 138 to 164 days (the latter period) in an indoor housing system (IS), an outdoor pasturing system (OP), a concrete floor paddock system (CF), a concrete floor paddock system with fresh grass (FG), or a soil floor paddock system (SF). The last three treatments include important components of a grazing system: extra space, grass feed, and soil floor. Behavior, wounds on the body, and performances, measured as average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio, were observed. CF pigs behaved similarly to IS pigs. FG pigs showed higher levels of foraging, chewing and activity. SF pigs engaged in higher levels of foraging, exploring, activity, and rooting, and showed a similar amount of playing behavior as OP pigs. ADG was the same in all treatments at the prior period, and increased in the order FG, IS, CF, SF, and OP at the latter. The behaviors and performance of SF pigs resembled those of OP which seemed to indicate a consistently higher standard of welfare than the other treatments. In conclusion, the existence of a soil floor is the most important component of a pasture for improving the welfare of pigs.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 1993

Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture. The field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of cutting management on growth and reserve carbohydrates in stubble. and on dry matter yield of orchardgrass dominated pasture during the mid-summer season. Three different cutting times(July 15, 25 and August 5) as a main plot and three cutting heights(3, 6 and 10cm) as a sub plot were disigned with three replications. The experiment was done at pasture of Changsung Agricultural High School in 1988. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Temperature of soil surface and underground in the cutting of July 15 and July 25 was not showed significantly different, because of low intensity of radiation with a run of wet weather, and that of August 5 cutting tends to be lowed in high cutting height during the mid-summer season. 2. Amount of soil moisture against cutting height showed that high cutting had a low content. 3. Growth rate against regrowth of plant height, lear length and leaf area showed to be fast in high cutting. 4. Rapid recovery period of carbohydrate content after cutting and large amount of carbohydrate accumulation were showed in the cutting of July 15 and 25 compared with August 5 cutting in the reserve carbohydrate content against cutting of time and height during the mid-summer season. 5. Dry matter yield of the 4th and 5th cutting showed to be remarkable in July 15 cutting compared to those of July 25 and August 5. From the above results, it is suggested that the 10cm cutting height during the mid-summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, reserve carbohydrates and dry matter yield of orchardgrass.