• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.563-570
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• 1994

Fifty-one Thai Native (TN) and Anglo-Nubian (AN) $\times$ TN does were studied. The purpose of the study was to investigate the reproductive performances of different goat genotypes grazing improved pasture with or without supplementary feeding. The feeding regimes were: 1. no concentrate supplement (T1), 2. supplemented for 15 days before mating and 45 days during mating period (T2), 3. supplemented from 15 days before mating to 42 days after kidding (T3) and 4. supplemented for 30 days before kidding, followed by 42 days after kidding. Cross-bred does tended to have higher conception rates, kidding opportunities and higher multiple birth rates than TN does. However, these differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05), and concentrate supplementation under the various regimes did not increase reproductive performance. TN kids had significantly (p<0.01) lower birth weights and lower weights at 3, 6 and 12 weeks of age than those of the cross-bred kids. However, there was no significant difference between the genotypes in growth rate (g/d or $g/kg^{75}/d$) of kids during these periods. Supplementary feeding did not significantly affect either kid birth weight or weight gain in the first 6 weeks after birth and during this period supplementary adequate in both quantity and quality, substantial reproductive performances were achieved from both TN and AN $\times$ TN does without concentrate supplementation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 1995

This experiment was canied out to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization level (0, 70, 140, 280 and 420 k a a ) on the grass growth, dry matter (DM) production, numtive value, and botanical composition in reed canarygrass (Phalaris ancndinacea L.) pasture. \ulcornerhe cultivar used in this study was Palaton, and the grass was harvested at soiling-hay stage (3 times per year) in 1992 and 1993. As the N level was increased, the plant height, DM produdion, and crude protein (CP) content were significantly increased (P<0.05). When the N was applied at the levels of 0, 70, 140, 280, 420 kg, DM yields were 4,540, 5,316, 6,060, 7,923 and 9,960 kgha, and CP contents were 17.6, 17.4, 17.4, 18.4 and 19.8%, respectively. However, as the N level was increased, DM percentage, total digestible nutrients, and relative feed value were decreased, while the contents of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, and bareland were continuously increased, particularly in the plot of N 420 kg fdzation. From the above results, it is suggested that reed canarygrass was one of the sensitive pasture grasses to N fertilizer, and the proper amount of N application was 280 kg/ha/yr for desirable production, nutritive value, and botanical composition in r e d conarygrass pasmre.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2012

This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (> 5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.244-251
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• 1991

This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of magnesium-and boron-enriched complex fertilizer(CF, N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O-MgO-B$_2$O$_3$: 14-10-12-3-0.2) on the maintenance and management of hilly pasture. The effectiveness of CF was compared to those of some straight fertilizers (SF). This first part of the study was concerned with the soil chemical properties and the mutural balances of mineral nutrients in the soils of a mixed grass-clover and a pure grass swards. The results of a two-year field experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The Mg contents in the soils of the CF plots were higher than those of the SF plots. On the other hand, the Ca contents were higher in the SF plots than in the CF plots. The contents of Mg and Ca, and CEC, except K, in both the CF and SF plots were considerably below the optimum levels. At the normal application rate of NPK, the contents of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ were close to the optimum level in both the CF and SF plots. 2. The contents of exchangeable Mg were lower than the K contents in soils of all the plots. At the normal application rate of NPK, the Mg contents in the CF plots, but not in the SF plots, were close to the critical level for general crops (0.29me Mg/100g soil). The Mg contents in soils of all the plots, however, were considerably below the critical level for pasture forages and grazing cows (0.41me/100g). 3. Considering the desirable base saturation level of soil, the saturation levels of Ca and Mg were insufficient in both the CF and SF plots. The saturation levels of Mg in the CF plots, however, were relatively good compared with the SF plots. The equivalent ratios or Mg/K, Ca/Mg. Ca:Mg:K, and %Mg of CEC in soils were generally unfavorable in all the plots. These ratios of the CF plots, however, were relatively better than those of the SF plots. 4. Considering the contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in soils, it is suggested that the application of slaked magnesium lime as a soil amelioration might be desirable for the fundamental increment of those contents at pasture establishment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.260-271
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different stocker management programs on skeletal muscle development and growth characteristics, satellite cell (SC) activity in growing-finishing beef cattle as well as the effects of SC-conditioned media on preadipocyte gene expression and differentiation. Fall-weaned Angus steers (n = 76; $258{\pm}28kg$) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 stocker production systems: 1) grazing dormant native range (NR) supplemented with a 40% CP cottonseed meal-based supplement ($1.02kg{\cdot}steer^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) followed by long-season summer grazing (CON, 0.46 kg/d); 2) grazing dormant NR supplemented with a ground corn and soybean meal-based supplement fed at 1% of BW followed by short-season summer grazing (CORN, 0.61 kg/d); 3) grazing winter wheat pasture (WP) at high stocking density (3.21 steers/ha) to achieve a moderate rate of gain (LGWP, 0.83 kg/d); and 4) grazing winter WP at low stocking density (0.99 steers/ha) to achieve a high rate of gain (HGWP, 1.29 kg/d). At the end of the stocker (intermediate harvest, IH) and finishing (final harvest, FH) phases, 4 steers / treatment were harvested and longissimus muscles (LM) sampled for cryohistological immunofluorescence analysis and SC culture assays. At IH, WP steers had greater LM fiber cross-sectional area than NR steers; however, at FH, the opposite was observed (p < 0.0001). At IH, CORN steers had the lowest Myf-5+:Pax7+ SC density (p = 0.020), while LGWP steers had the most Pax7+ SC (p = 0.043). At FH, CON steers had the highest LM capillary density (p = 0.003) and their cultured SC differentiated more readily than all other treatments (p = 0.017). At FH, Pax7 mRNA was more abundant in 14 d-old SC cultures from HGWP cattle (p = 0.03). Preadipocytes exposed to culture media from proliferating SC cultures from WP cattle isolated at FH had more $PPAR{\gamma}$ (p = 0.037) and less FABP4 (p = 0.030) mRNA expression compared with NR cattle. These data suggest that different stocker management strategies can impact skeletal muscle growth, SC function, and potentially impact marbling development in growing-finishing beef cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 1993

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of N-$P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, on forage yield and quality, vegetation etc. After this 10-year main experiment, this pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treatments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. This 1st part is concerned with the soil properties of pH-value. OM, T-N, avail. $P_{2}O_{5}$ and $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient, and lime requirement by the soil depth. 1. The pH of the topsoil(0~l5 cm) was lowered from pH 5.12 of before the experiment to 4.90 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was applied and to 4.68 of when $Ca(OH)_2$ was not applied. The pH decrease was more evident with the increase of NPK application rate and in the upper part of the top soil(0.0~7.5 cm). The additional application of lime was necessary in all the experiment blocks due to the strong acidity of the soil, and the amounts of lime requirement were increased with increased application rates of NPK and soil depth. 2. The contents of organic matter and T-N were increased in all the blocks by the establishment of the hilly pasture, and were higher in $Ca(OH)_2$ applied blocks than non-applied blocks. The contents were inversely correlated with the soil depth. No correlation was observed between the contents and the application rates of NPK. 3. The content of available $P_{2}O_{5}$-$K_2O$, was increased with the increased application of P, especially in the upper part of top soil. The content in the upper part(0.0~7.5 cm) was about twice of that in the lower part(7.5~15.0 cm). Since the contents of available $P_{2}O_{5}$$P_{2}O_{5}$/10a/year were applied, respectively), it is necessary to decrease the application rate of $P_{2}O_{5}$, gradually. The $P_{2}O_{5}$ absorption coefficient in topsoil (0.0~15.0 cm) was more or less higher when no lime and less $P_{2}O_{5}$, was applied. No correlation was observed in subsoil. 4. Further studies on the methods, rates, time of additional application of lime, and on the methods of decreased apllication of $P_{2}O_{5}$ should be performed for better management of oversown hilly pasture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-132
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• 2005

With the demand for free-range products increasing and the pressure on the intensive poultry industry to improve poultry welfare especially in western countries, the number of free-range poultry farms has increased significantly. The USA, Australia and European countries have developed Codes of Practice for free-range poultry farming which detail the minimum standards of husbandry and welfare for birds. However, the performance and liveability of free-range birds needs to be improved and more knowledge is required on bird husbandry, feed supply, disease control and heat wave management. This review examines the husbandry, welfare, nutrition and disease issues associated with free-range poultry systems and discusses the potential of incorporating free-range poultry into a crop-pasture rotation system.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.608-614
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• 2001

The effects of castration on growth and body composition of Javan rusa (Cervus timorensis russa) stags were examined at three slaughter ages in three experiments. Castration had no effects on growth rates, or liveweights at periodic weighings, at any stage in Experiments 1 and 2, when the stags were slaughtered at 19 and 13 months of age, respectively. In Experiment 3, monthly liveweights of castrated and entire stags were not significantly different until the stags were 21 months old. From this age, when they had recovered from their first rut season and were in their second spring/early summer, the entires grew more rapidly than the castrates. There were seasonal changes in growth in both treatments, indicating that pasture conditions influenced performance. Liveweights of entires and castrates were similar in stags slaughtered at 13 and 19 months, but castrates were smaller than entires at 25 months. Castration reduced the size of the head and skin, but there was little important effect of castration on body components at any slaughter age. Castration can be recommended as a management tool for rusa stags, especially if the animals are to be slaughtered before they exceed 19 months of age.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-47
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• 1992

Cheju Island has an optimal environment for herviborous animal production. However, the infrastructure has been degraded under the pressure from the development of tourism and thus the technological development for livestock production has not been great. This is the time to re-evaluate and re-direct the system of livestock production on the island. My suggestions on the development of grassland agriculture on the island are as follows : 1. Grassland area of Cheju, 65,695 ha should be maintained and the local government should try to improve more grasslands which can hold 3 or more cattle per ha on pasture. including enterpriseowned lands. 2. For better management of co-operatives village. the local government should evaluate the conditions of the grasslands yearly after being grazed and suggest a new management method accordingly. 3. In order to strengthen grassland research. it is recommended that Cheju Experiment Station be reorganized as a Grassland Research Institute or Department of Grassland Science be added. 4. [mport of good forage varieties. especially legumes, from foreign countries and distribution to farmers after adaption studies, are required to improve nutritive values of forage produced. 5. Methods for production of good quality forage seeds at rcasonablc prices should be established.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.191-195
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• 1985

This field experiment was undertaken to assess the effects of three levels of inclination ($10^{\circ},\;20^{\circ},\;and\;30^{\circ}$) and four rates of $N-P_2O_2-K_2O$ (O-O-O, 14-10-20, 28-25-25, and 42-40-40kg/10a) on establishment, forage yield and quality and botanical composition of new established mixed grass-clover sward. This first part is concerned with the forage yield, yield component and botanical composition. The results obtained after a two-year experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Dry matter yields of mixed grass-clover sward were greatly decreased by increasing the inclination grade of hilly pasture, whereas it of weeds was not significantly influenced. Comparing with weeds, the establishment of introduced pastures was relatively low with increasing the grade of inclination. 2. By increasing the NPK rate, the yields of grasses and mixed forages and the rate of introduced pastures were greatly increased at all grades of inclination, whereas the change in the weed yield was not significant. 3. There were the differenced in the forage yield and yield component, and efficiency of fertilizers by the grade of inclination, which indicated the necessity of different management on the selection of suitable grass species, seeding rate, amount of fertilizer application, and the methods of grassland establishment, management and utilization.