• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.259-266
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• 1998

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effects of mechanical and chemical drying agents at mowing on the field drying rate and hay quality of orchardgrass dominant pasture plants. The mower conditioner /chemical drying agent ($K_2CO_3$ 2% conditioning, $K_2CO_3$ 2% + conditioning and control) were treated at different harvest stages (late boot, heading and bloom stage) for hastening hay manufacture in 1996. After field dry, four square bales were made by hay baler, and the visual estimation and nutritive value of hay were evaluated after storing two months. The field drying rate of pasture plants was higher with delayed stage of harvest, and mechanical and mechanical + chemical, but chemical alone was very low. In mower conditioning, the duration of field dry was shortened by 0.5 to 1 day compared with $K_2CO_3$ and 1.5 to 2 days compared with control. The dry matter loss of hay was reduced by late harvest and mechanical, and mechanical + chemical, but the score by chemical alone was very low. The visual score (leafiness, green color, odor and softness) of hay after storage was high in mechanical and mechanical + chemical, but the score by chemical alone was very low. Nutritive value (ADF, NDF, digestibility, and relative feed value) of hay was also high with treatment of mechanical and mechanical + chemical, but the quality by chemical alone was similar compared with control. The quality of hay was very low when harvested at bloom stage. In conclusion, mower conditioning can enhance the field drying rate of orchardgrass dominant pasture plants, however the drying efficiency of chemical drying agent was very low. Harvesting at early heading to heading stage was recommened for manufacture of high quality hay.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 1988

Six steers of each breed type, Hereford ($H{\times}H$), Brahman ($B{\times}B$) and Brahman $\times$ Hereford ($B{\times}H$) were ranked on liveweight and allocated to three treatments, basal hay diet (Basal), Basal plus 1 kg/head/day of cottonseed meal (Basal + CSM) and Basal plus 1 kg/head/day of formaldehyde-treated sunflower meal, $Norpro^{(R)}$ (Basal + NPO). The hay was made from a pasture based predominantly on carpet grass (Axonopus affinus) growing in subtropical New South Wales, and had an estimated organic matter digestibility of 52% and a nitrogen (N) content of 7.8 g/kg dry matter (DM). The steers were accustomed to the Basal diet over 15 days and supplements offered over 42 days. Intake of the basal hay diet by steers was not increased by supplementation. When intakes were adjusted for differences between breed types in liveweight the $B{\times}H$ steers ate 25% (P<0.01) more hay than $H{\times}H$ steers (6.3 V 5.0 kg/head/d) and $B{\times}B$ steers ate 8% less hay than $H{\times}H$ steers. Supplementation significantly (P<0.01) increased liveweight gain during the experiment, being ($g/head/d\;{\pm}\;s.e.d.$) 290, 770 and $795{\pm}118$ respectively for Basal, Basal + NPO and Basal + CSM. There was no difference between supplements in the liveweight gain of steers nor between steers of different genotypes. However, there was a significant interaction (P<0.01) between breeds and treatments such that $B{\times}B$ steers gained most on the basal diet but least of the breed types when supplemented. The estimated non-degradeable fraction of N in the protein meals was 58.5 and 44.5%, respectively for NPO and CSM. Both meals increased (P<0.01) plasma urea N and rumen ammonia N concentrations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.163-166
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• 1988

Water turnover and consumption of steers fed either fresh cut grass or hay and water turnover of steers grazed in summer or in fall were determined using 18 Holstein steers weighing 226 to 382 kg. Steers consumed 7.0 or 7.5 kg of dry-matter from hay or fresh cut grass. Animals fed hay drank significantly more water than those given fresh cut grass (P<0.01). Total water consumption, however, was greater in steers fed fresh cut grass than those given hay (P<0.05). Water turnover was about the same as total water consumption with a tendency for slightly higher values in water turnover irrespective of feeding regimes. Steers grazed in summer had greater water turnover than those grazed in fall. Water turnover was about the same in steers fed fresh cut grass and grazed in summer but decreased in steers on the dry ration or grazing in a cool season of the year.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.112-117
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• 1995

A field experiment was canied out to determine the effects of harvest time (grazing, soiling and hay stage) on the grass growth, dry matter (DM) yield, nutritive value, and weed development in reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) pasture. The cultivars of reed canarygrass used in this study were Palaton, Venture, Castor, and Frontier (control). The grass was harvested 3 times at hay stage, 4 times at soiling stage, and 6 times at grazing stage in 1992. The average plant height was 31-41cm at grazing, 47-59cm at soiling, and 76-86cm at hay stage. Similar DM yield was observed in Palaton(12,567 kglha), Venture(l2,435kg), and Frontier(12,762kg), and the yields of 3 cultivars were significantly higher than that of Castor(ll,025kg) (P<0.05). Total yields affected by harvest time were lO,O6 1, 1 1,832, and 14,699 kg/ha at grazing, soiling, and hay stage, respectively(P<0.05). The content of crude protein (CP) was not significantly different among cultivars. CP contents by harvest time were 21.6% at grazing, 19.3% at soiling, and 18.8% at hay stage, regardless of cultivm(P<0.05). The contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were similar among cultivars and harvest time. However, slightly higher NDF and ADF contents were found in Frontier. The contents of Ca, P, K, and Mg were not affected by cultivars and harvest time. The appearance of weeds was high in Castor, and low in Frontier. The weeds at grazing stage(33.3-60.0%) were remarkably higher than those at soiling and hay astage (ca 10%). In conclusion, it is suggested that 3-4 times (soiling and hay stage) of harvest was recommended for grass production, nutritive value, and weed control in reed canarygrass pasture, regradless of cultivars of Palation, Venture and Frontier, except Castor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.695-698
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• 2006

Six, one-year old dairy steers were randomly divided into two groups according to a Completely randomized design (CRD) to receive high-quality feed block (HQFB) without cassava hay and drenching (HQFB1+Ivomex) and HQFB with cassava hay (HQFB2) as block licks while grazing on Ruzi grass pasture. During the eight weeks, fecal parasitic egg counts dramatically declined for both treatment groups with 63.2 and 27.6% reduction from initial period for HQFB1+Ivomex and HQFB2, respectively. However, digestion of coefficients of nutrients particularly OM, were significantly higher in HQFB2 than, those in HQFB1+Ivomex, in addition, ADG of animals in HQFB2 tended to be higher than the group on HQFB1. It was, hence concluded that cassava hay could not only provide as a protein source but also serve as an anthelmintic in ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 1989

Twenty-four Hereford steers, 22 months old and a mean liveweight (${\pm}\;s.e.$) of $250\;{\pm}\;7\;kg$ were used in an experiment to evaluate over 42 days two rates of copra meal supplementation to cattle on a low N ($8.6\;{\pm}\;0.9$ g N/kg dry matter (DM)), low digestible ($45\;{\pm}\;5.2%$ DM) native pasture hay. Steers given the two rates (500, 1000 g/steer/day; i.e. 500C, 1000C) were compared to steers on a non-supplemental diet and to the effects on steers of supplemental urea (30g/steer/day; 30U) or with copra meal (500 g/steer/day; 500C.U), or of cottonseed meal (500 g/steer/day; 500S). Liveweight change was increased (P<0.01) by all of the supplements except by supplemental urea. The most effective treatment, 1000C, increased significantly (P<0.01) liveweight change (946 g/day) in steers above all supplements except those steers given 500C.U (718 g/day). Hay intake per unit liveweight was increased (P<0.05) by 7% by the 30U and 500C.U treatment, and by 9% by 500C; this group having the highest supplements, being greatest (P<0.05) for the 1000C group (6.0 g feed intake/g gain) and least for the 500S supplemented group (11.5 g/g gain). Efficiency was lowest (18.6 g/g gain) for the non-supplemented steers on the basal hay diet. Copra meal N was less degradable (i.e. 29%) in nylon bags over 15 hours in the rumen than was cottonseed meal N (37%), and rumen ammonia concentrations were lower (P<0.05) in cattle supplemented with copra meal (25, 27 mg N/L) than in cattle given urea (36 mg N/L) or cottonseed meal (39 mg N/L). It is concluded that copra meal at a daily rate of 500 g/head, and with rumen soluble nitrogen from urea, is an effective supplement for improving growth of cattle on a low quality forage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.603-610
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• 1996

Spatial distribution of faeces by Japanese Black heifers and steers was investigated. The animals grazed a bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum $Fl\ddot{u}gge$) pasture in the daytime from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., and spent the rest of the day in a barn. The pasture consisted of three paddocks, an alley and a resting area, and the paddocks were grazed rotationally. The number of defecations and the faecal weight excreted in the pasture were greater than those expected from the proportion of time that the animals spent in the pasture. These values were correspondingly smaller in the barn. The distribution of faeces to the paddock, alley and resting area of the pasture was usually not proportional to the area of the respective places. The number of defeations and the faecal weight were usually distributed less densely in the paddock than in the resting area. The degree of aggregation of defecation in the paddock, alley and resting area varied with the meteorological factors such as the air temperature, solar radiation and rainfall during the grazing, and the intake of hay supplement of the previous day.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2024

Mongolian herders rely significantly on grazing their animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, yaks, and camels, in broad rangelands throughout the year. The availability of appropriate forage, the amount of hay and forage to be kept, and whether the animals will acquire physical strength from the pasture to make it through the impending cold season are all determined by the meteorological conditions of the year. Herders' principal source of income is animals, therefore preventing mortality is a top priority. In Mongolia, meadows are a major element determining cattle live weight. However, in the summer of 2022, Mongolia faced a drought, which resulted in inadequate pastures and starved cattle. Livestock might lose weight in these situations due to a lack of supplemental feeding.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2007

본 연구는 제주지역 목장 토양 및 조사료 자원의 미량광물질 함량을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 제주지역 98 목장에서 187 토양시료(농암갈색 76, 흑색 111) 및 말 농가에서 활용되고 있는 이탈리안라이그라스 건초, 혼합목초 건초, 수입 알팔파 건초 각 60시료를 채취해서 분석했다. 토양시료는 화학특성(pH, 유효인산, 치환성 양이온 함량)과 미량광물질(Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, Mo, Se, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni) 총 함량 및 가용성 함량이 분석되었고, 조사료 시료는 미량광물질 총 함량이 분석되었다. 토양의 pH는 전체적으로 산성을 띄고 있었다(pH 5.1). 목장 토양 유효인산은 20.5 mg/kg, 치환성 Ca, Mg, K, Na은 각각 2.6, 0.9, 0.5, 0.2 cmol+/kg으로 낮게 나타나고 있다. 목장 토양 미량광물질 중 총 함량이나 가용성 함량 모두에서 검출되지 않은 원소는 없었다. 토양 미량광물질 총 함량에 비해 가용성 함량은 매우 낮은 수준을 나타냈다. 토양 미량광물질 중 Fe 총 함량이 가장 높고, Mn, Ni, Zn 총 함량도 다소 높게 나타났다. 부분적으로 토양 무기물 간 상관이 높았다. 조사료 자원에서 Cr은 검출되지 않았다. 기타 미량광물질 함량은 수입 알팔파 건초와 제주지역에서 생산된 건초 모두 일반적인 범위를 보여주었다. 그러나 제주지역에서 생산된 건초가 수입 알팔파 건초보다 Mn 함량(105 vs 23 mg/kg)은 높고 Mo 함량(2.7 vs 4.9 mg/kg)은 낮은 수준을 보였다. 본 연구결과 제주지역 목장 토양은 대부분 산성을 나타내고 양분 함량도 낮게 나타나고 있다. 제주지역 목장 토양 및 조사료에서 특정 미량광물질이 결핍되어 있는 것으로 보이지 않는다. 따라서 가축에게 미량광물질 첨가제의 보충급여는 사양형태나 사료 미량광물질의 함량 및 이용도 등을 고려하여 결정해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 1994

Forage quality evaluation with several grasses grown at a high altitude pasture situated at 1,000m above sea level was made to determine what is the feed value of these grasses and whether these grasses have any differences in forage quality compared with the grdsses grown at lowland pastures. In this experiment, Common, Venture, and Palaton reed canarygrass (Phahris arundinucea L.) and Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were used and harvested at two different dates, 5 July and 30 September, 1989. Cmde protein (CP) concentrations in the grasses grown in September were higher than in July. Among the grasses grown, Palaton and Common reed canarygrass were highest in CP concentration in July and September, respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations in the grasses harvested in July were higher than in September. Palaton reed canruygrass was lowest in ADF and NDF concentrations at the both harvest dates. Relative feed value (RFV) in the grases harvested in July was ranged from 92 to 105 and that in September was from 110 to 117. Palation reed canarygrass had the highest RFV of 105 and 117 in July and September, respectively, therefore, the forage quality of this grass was ranked as Grade 2 based on the AFGC Hay Quality Standards. Overall forage quality of the grasses grown at a high altitude pasture seemed to be higher than the forage quality at lowland pastures. Based on the RFV assigned by the AFGC, forages with RFV 92 to 117 in this experiment could only work well in rations for low producing dairy cows.