• Proceedings of the Korea Database Society Conference
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• 1998.09a
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• pp.525-543
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• 1998

This paper proposes a conceptual taxonomy of architectures far workflow management systems. The systematic classification work is based on a framework for workflow architectures. The framework, consisting of generic-level, conceptual-level and implementation-level architectures, provides common architectural principles for designing a workflow management system. We define the taxonomy by considering the possibilities for centralization or distribution of data, control, and execution. That is, we take into account three criteria. How are the major components of a workflow model and system, like activities, roles, actors, and workcases, concretized in workflow architecture？ Which of the components is represented as software modules of the workflow architecture？ And how are they configured and operating in the architecture？ The workflow components might be embodied, as active (processes or threads) modules or as passive (data) modules, in the software architecture of a workflow management system. One or combinations of the components might become software modules in the software architecture. Finally, they might be centralized or distributed. The distribution of the components should be broken into three: Vertically, Horizontally and Fully distributed. Through the combination of these aspects, we can conceptually generate about 64 software Architectures for a workflow management system. That is, it should be possible to comprehend and characterize all kinds of software architectures for workflow management systems including the current existing systems as well as future systems. We believe that this taxonomy is a significant contribution because it adds clarity, completeness, and "global perspective" to workflow architectural discussions. The vocabulary suggested here includes workflow levels and aspects, allowing very different architectures to be discussed, compared, and contrasted. Added clarity is obtained because similar architectures from different vendors that used different terminology and techniques can now be seen to be identical at the higher level. Much of the complexity can be removed by thinking of workflow systems. Therefore, it is used to categorize existing workflow architectures and suggest a plethora of new workflow architectures. Finally, the taxonomy can be used for sorting out gems and stones amongst the architectures possibly generated. Thus, it might be a guideline not only for characterizing the existing workflow management systems, but also for solving the long-term and short-term architectural research issues, such as dynamic changes in workflow, transactional workflow, dynamically evolving workflow, large-scale workflow, etc., that have been proposed in the literature.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.461-466
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• 2024

Korean local governments operates the participatory budgeting system autonomously. This study is to classify these entities into clusters. Among the diverse machine learning methodologies(Neural Network, Rule Induction(CN2), KNN, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, SVM, Naïve Bayes), the Support Vector Machine technique emerged as the most efficacious in the analysis of 2022 Korean municipalities data. The first cluster C1 is characterized by minimal committee activity but a substantial allocation of participatory budgeting; another cluster C3 comprises cities that exhibit a passive stance. The majority of cities falls into the final cluster C2 which is noted for its proactive engagement in. Overall, most Korean local government operates the participatory busgeting system in good shape. Only a small number of cities is less active in this system. We anticipate that analyzing time-series data from the past decade in follow-up studies will further enhance the reliability of classifying local government types regarding participatory budgeting.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

The brain and muscles both of which are composed of top-down structure occur the connectivity with the change of Electroencephalogram(EEG) and Electromyogram(EMG). In this paper, we studied the difference of functional connectivity between brain and muscles that by applying coherence method to EEG and EMG signals when users exercised upper limb with and without the movement intention. The changes in the EEG and EMG signals were inspected using coherence method. During the upper limb exercise, the mu (8~14 Hz) and beta (15~30 Hz) rhythms of the EEG signal at the motor cortex area are activated. And then the beta and piper (30~60 Hz) rhythms of the EMG signal are activated as well. The result of coherence analysis between EEG and EMG showed the coefficient of active exercise including movement intention is significantly higher than passive exercise. The coherence relations between cognitive response and muscle movement could interpret that the connectivity between the brain and muscle appear during active exercise with movement intention. The feature of coherence between brain and muscles by the status of movement intention will be useful in designing the rehabilitation system requiring feedback depending on the users' movement intention status.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.2 s.42
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

To date, many viable smart base isolation systems have been proposed and investigated. In this study, a novel friction pendulum system (FPS) and an MR damper are employed as the isolator and supplemental damping device, respectively, of the smart base isolation system. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to modulate the MR damper because the FLC has an inherent robustness and ability to handle non linearities and uncertainties. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used for optimization of the FLC. The main purpose of employing a GA is to determine appropriate fuzzy control rules as well to adjust parameters of the membership functions. To this end, a GA with a local improvement mechanism is applied. This method is efficient in improving local portions of chromosomes. Neuro fuzzy models are used to represent dynamic behavior of the MR damper and FPS. Effectiveness of the proposed method for optimal design of the FLC is judged based on computed responses to several historical earthquakes. It has been shown that the proposed method can find optimal fuzzy rules and the GA optimized FLC outperforms not only a passive control strategy but also a human designed FLC and a conventional semi active control algorithm.

• The Journal of Information Technology and Database
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 1998

This paper proposes a conceptual taxonomy of architectures for workflow management systems. The systematic classification work is based on a framework for workflow architectures. The framework, consisting of generic-level, conceptual-level and implementation-level architectures, provides common architectural principles for designing a workflow management system. We define the taxonomy by considering the possibilities for centralization or distribution of data, control, and execution. That is, we take into account three criteria. How are the major components of a workflow model and system, like activities, roles, actors, and workcases, concretized in workflow architecture. Which of the components is represented as software modules of the workflow architecture\ulcorner And how are they configured and operating in the architecture\ulcorner The workflow components might be embodied, as active (processes or threads) modules or as passive (data) modules, in the software architecture of a workflow management system. One or combinations of the components might become software modules in the software architecture. Finally, they might be centralized or distributed. The distribution of the components should be broken into three: Vertically, Horizontally and Fully distributed. Through the combination of these aspects, we can conceptually generate about 64 software Architectures for a workflow management system. That is, it should be possible to comprehend and characterize all kinds of software architectures for workflow management systems including the current existing systems as well as future systems. We believe that this taxonomy is a significant contribution because it adds clarity, completeness, and global perspective to workflow architectural discussions. The vocabulary suggested here includes workflow levels and aspects, allowing very different architectures to be discussed, compared, and contrasted. Added clarity is obtained because similar architectures from different vendors that used different terminology and techniques can now be seen to be identical at the higher level. Much of the complexity can be removed by thinking of workflow systems. Therefore, it is used to categorize existing workflow architectures and suggest a plethora of new workflow architectures. Finally, the taxonomy can be used for sorting out gems and stones amongst the architectures possibly generated. Thus, it might be a guideline not only for characterizing the existing workflow management systems, but also for solving the long-term and short-term architectural research issues, such as dynamic changes in workflow, transactional workflow, dynamically evolving workflow, large-scale workflow, etc., that have been proposed in the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2014

Recent trends in urban policies show the increasing importance of urban parks. Moreover the park policy and planning are increasingly important for the good urban park system. Comparative studies in the operational system and planning contents of the parks and green space plans of the major cities would be timely and meaningful. This study aims to provide a comparative study in operational system and planning contents of the Parks and Green Space Master Plan at urban scale. Sites include London, New York, Berlin, Sydney and Seoul. Analyses are focused on the master plans and strategy reports of each city. Frameworks for analysis are divided into operational system and planning contents. The results are as follows. First, the Parks and Green Space Plans as an open space planning linked to related resources would contribute to both integrated resources management and practice of the fairness. Second, evolution from quantity to quality of the parks and green space plan enhances revitalization and regeneration. Third, shift from the 'supply oriented plan' to 'need based plan' model provides flexible planning model to meet the demographic change, trend change, preference and use. Fourth, planning agents, enlarged opportunities for participation within each phase, diversified of the participants lead the changes from the passive participation to active one. In order to improve the practicability of the parks and green space master plan, a flexible planning strategy including social awareness changes and park governance is required.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.103-105
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• 2003

After fifteen years of development, Magnetic Resonance (MR) technology for human imaging and spectroscopy is reaching a refined state with FDA approved 3T clinical products from Siemens, GE, and Philips. Broker has cleared CE approval with a 4T system. Varian supports a 4T system platform as well. Shielded magnets are standard at 3T from GE, Oxford, Magnex, and IGC. A shielded 4T whole body magnet is available from Oxford. Stronger switched gradients and dynamic shim coils, desired at any field, areespecially useful at higher static magnetic fields B0. In addition to the higher currents required for higher resolution slice or volume selection afforded by higher SNR, whole body gradient coils will be driven at increasing slew rates to meet the needs of new cardiac applications and other requirements. For example 3T and 4T systems are now being equipped with 2kV, 500A gradient coils and amplifiers capable of generating 4G/cm in 200msec, over a 67+/-cm bore diameter. High field EPI applications require oscillation rates at 1 kHz and higher. To achieve a benchmark 0.2 ppm shim over a 30cm sphere in a high field magnet, at least four stages of shimming need to be considered. 1) A good high field magnet will be built to a homogeneity spec. falling in the range of 100 to 150 ppm over this 30cm spherical "sweet spot" 2) Most modern high field magnets will also have superconducting shim coils capable of finding 1.5 ppm by their adjustment during system installation. 3) Passive ferro-magnetic shimming combined with 4) active, high order room temperature shim coils (as many as five orders are now being recommended) will accomplish 0.2 ppm over the 30cm sphere, and 0.1 ppm over a human brain in even the highest field magnets for human studies. Safety concerns for strong, fast gradients at any B0 field include acoustic noise and peripheral nerve stimulation. One or more of the mechanical decoupling methods may lead to quieter gradients. Patient positioning relative to asymmetric or short gradient coils may limit peripheral nerve stimulation at higher slew rates. Gradient designs combining a short coil for local speed and strength with a longer coil for coverage are being developed for 3T systems. Local gradients give another approach to maximizing performance over a limited region while keeping within the physiologically imposed dB0/dt performance limits.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.92-99
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• 2017

In Korea, the zero energy building was designated as the 7 new industries in the Ministry of Land and the 8 new industries in the Ministry of Industry. In order to maximize the insulation performance of the building envelope, improve the efficiency of building equipment, We are aiming. It is necessary to analyze the energy requirements of the buildings (cooling, heating, hot water supply, lighting, ventilation) of buildings with energy efficiency level of 1++ which is equivalent to the zero energy building certification system in Korea, It is aimed to be used as basic data for the advancement of energy building certification system. Zero Energy Building certification is estimated to be 61 buildings by 2017, and the approximate reference value and the first energy requirement for each of the five loads are calculated considering passive and active aspects. It is difficult to say that it is a clear standard because there is a small sample of data for calculating the load standard. However, it is necessary to interpret various methods in order to upgrade the Zero Energy Building certification standard in the future.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.49
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• pp.633-649
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the changing aspects of human freedom of observation and viewing as the visual media evolves from film to 3D stereoscopic film and VR. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the aspect of freedom and viewing aspect from the viewpoint of genealogy. In addition, I will identify the media aesthetic characteristics of VR and identify the identity and ontology of VR. Media has evolved around the most artificial sense of human being. There is a third visual space called screen at the center of all the reproduction devices centering on visual media such as painting, film, television, and computer. In particular, movies, television, and video screens, which are media that reproduce moving images, pursue perfect fantasy and visual satisfaction while controlling the movement of the audience. A mobilized virtual gaze was secured on the assumption of the floating nature of the so-called viewers. The audience sees a cinematic illusion with a view while seated in a fixed seat in a floating posture. They accept passive, passive, and passively without a doubt the fantasy world beyond the screen. But with the advent of digital paradigm, the evolution of visual media creates a big change in the tradition of reproduction media. 3D stereoscopic film predicted the extinction of the fourth wall, the fourth wall. The audience is no longer sitting in a fixed seat and only staring at the front. The Z-axis appearance of the 3D stereoscopic image reorganizes the space of the story. The viewer's gaze also extends from 'front' to 'top, bottom, left, right' and even 'front and back'. It also transforms the passive audience into an active, interactive, and experiential subject by placing viewers between images. Going one step further, the visual media, which entered the VR era, give freedom to the body of the captive audience. VR secures the possibility of movement of visitors and simultaneously coexists with virtual space and physical space. Therefore, the audience of the VR contents acquires an integrated identity on the premise of participation and movement. It is not a so-called representation but a perfection of the aesthetic system by reconstructing the space of fantasy while inheriting the simulation tradition of the screen.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.385-390
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• 2016

ELoran Systems can provide Position, Navigation, and Time services with comparable performance to Global Positioning Systems (GPS) as a back up or alternative system. High timing and navigation performance can be achieved by eLoran signals because eLoran receivers use "all-in-view" reception. This incorporates Time of Arrival (TOA) signals from all stations in the service range because each eLoran station is synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Transmission station information and the differential Loran correction data are transmitted via an additional Loran Data Channel (LDC) on the transmitted eLoran signal such that eLoran provides improved Position Navigation and Timing (PNT) over legacy Loran. In this paper, we propose a technique for adapting the delay time compensation values in eLoran timing receivers to provide precise time comparison. For this purpose, we have designed a system that measures time delay from the crossing point of the third cycle extracted from the current transformer at the end point of the transmitter. The receiver delay was measured by connecting an active H-field, an E-field and a passive loop antenna to a commercial eLoran timing receiver. The common-view time transfer technique using the calibrated eLoran timing receiver improved the eLoran transfer time. A eLoran timing receiver calibrated by this method can be utilized in the field for precise time comparison as a GNSS backup.