• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.108-117
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• 2010

In this study, ambient particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$) levels were measured and their chemical and physical properties were characterized. Two sites in Gwangju were sampled once a month from December 2008 to November 2009. The annual mean concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were $26.9\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $46.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, in Nongseongdong and $26.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $44.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, in Duam-dong. $PM_{2.5}$ levels were 1.8 times higher than the USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) national ambient air quality standard for $PM_{2.5}$ ($15\;{\mu}g/m^3$). The average $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio of 0.58 suggested that $PM_{2.5}$ is a significant component of the ambient particle pollution. The order of concentration of metallic elements in $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ was Si > Al > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn. Cd was not detected. The earth crustal enrichment factors for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in $PM_{2.5}$ were higher than those in $PM_{10}$. When the earth crustal enrichment factors for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were higher than 10, this suggested influence from anthropogenic sources. The soil contribution ratios for $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were 11.3% and 16.4%, respectively, and were higher in the fall and winter. Anions (${SO_4}^{-2}$, ${NO_3}^-$, and $Cl^-$) comprise 28.7% of $PM_{2.5}$ and 21.4% of $PM_{10}$. The correlation coefficient of Zn-Fe, Mn-Cu, Fe-Cu and Fe-Mn in $PM_{2.5}$ was high in the sampling sites, and metallic elements were primarily from anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion and vehicle emissions.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.24-37
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• 2011

해안에 위치한 제주도 고산 지역과 산간의 한라산 1100고지 지역에서 대기에어러솔을 채취, 분석한 결과로부터 해안과 산간 지역 대기에어러솔의 이온조성 및 특성을 비교하였다. 이온성분의 농도는 한라산 1100고지보다 고산지역에서 더 높고, 월별로는 $NH_4^+$, nss-$SO_4^{2-}$(비해염 황산)이 6월에 두 지역에서 동시에 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 토양기원의 nss-$Ca^{2+}$(비해염 칼슘)은 인위적 기원의 $NO_3^-$과 상관성이 비교적 크며 봄철에 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 두 지역에서 각 이온들의 시계열 변화를 비교하고 회귀분석을 통해 성분들 간의 상관성을 조사해 본 결과, TSP(총부유분진)의 이온성분은 고산지역에서 해염입자의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 nss-$SO_4^{2-}$, $NH_4^+$, nss-$Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$, $NO_3^-$의 농도는 국지오염원보다는 장거리 이동한 대기오염물질의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2019

디젤 선박 운행 횟수의 증가로 인한 대기오염이 심각해짐에 따라 선박의 유해배출가스에 대한 규제가 강화되고 있다. 따라서 선박용 디젤 배기 후처리 장치의 개발이 요구되고 배기 처리 장치는 유동 균일도가 높을수록 처리효율이 증가된다. 본 연구에서는 ANSYS Fluent를 이용하여 기존 저감장치, 저감장치 내부의 Baffle 설치시, 배기가스 유량에 따른 배압과 유동 균일도를 시뮬레이션 하였다. 기존 장치조건에서는 시스템 배압이 38 ~ 40 mbar로 나타났으며, 유동 균일도는 DOC 입구와 출구에서 약 84 ~ 92%로 나타났다. 시스템 내부에 Baffle을 설치한 경우 압력이 상승되고 유속 증가로 인해 유동 균일도가 낮아진다. 배기가스 유량을 $7,548kg\;h^{-1}$에서 $3,772kg\;h^{-1}$로 50% 감소했을 때, 낮은 유속에 의해 DOC 입구와 출구의 유동 균일도는 약 1 ~ 3% 증가했다. DPF의 경우 불균일한 유동이 DOC를 균일하게 거쳐 흐른 후 유입되기 때문에 유동 균일도가 98 ~ 99%로 높게 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.339-355
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• 2021

Background: Particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM_2.5) and black carbon contribute to poor air quality in urban areas, and can also affect indoor environments. Exposure to PM can be associated with respiratory and lung diseases. Objectives: This study investigated the indoor and outdoor concentration distribution patterns of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and black carbon at an apartment building, a typical residential space in the metropolitan areas of South Korea, by season, day of the week (weekday vs. weekend), and time of the day. It aims to obtain foundational data for the effective management of pollutants and investigate the difference in pollution levels between indoor and outdoor environments. Methods: Indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM and black carbon were measured at an apartment building located in Namyangju, Gyeonggi-do Province, using dust sensors and an Aethalometer AE51 (AethLabs, San Francisco, CA, USA) over the course of a year from June 2020 to May 2021. The concentration distribution patterns were analyzed by season and time of day. Results: PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 concentrations in the outdoor environment were higher than those in the indoor environment, regardless of the season. By contrast, the indoor black carbon concentration was higher than that in the outdoor environment during summer and autumn. The concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and black carbon were found to be higher on weekdays than during weekends, especially during rush hour, with concentrations of 25.92~56.58 ㎍/m³, 21.12~44.82 ㎍/m³, 0.63~3.40 ㎍/m³. Conclusions: The outdoor concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and black carbon were higher during the weekdays, especially during rush hour, than during weekends. This study is expected to provide basic data for the health management of apartment occupants because it is measured over a period of more than one year.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2022

직경이 10 ㎛ 미만의 미세먼지 입자(particulate matter 10, PM10)는 한국을 비롯한 동아시아 지역에서 해로운 대기오염의 주요한 원인 중 하나로 최근 주목받고 있으며, 호흡기와 피부에 유해한 영향을 미치는 주범이 되고 있다. FD는 대식세포에서 활성산소 종(ROS)의 생성과 염증반응을 과도하게 촉진시켜 세포 손상과 더불어 세포 사멸을 유도한다. 장미속의 낙엽관목인 해당화(Rosa rugosa)는 다양한 질병을 치료하는 목적으로 예부터 동아시아 지역에서 민간요법 치료제로써 사용되었다. 본 연구에서는 PM10으로 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서의 염증반응을 억제하는 해당화 각 기관별 추출물의 항염증 효과를 탐색하고자 한다. 미세먼지 입자가 처리되지 않은 RAW 264.7 대식세포와 비교했을 때, PM10을 100 ㎍/ml의 농도로 처리했을 경우 lipopolysaccharide 처리와 유사하게 nitric oxide (NO) 생성을 눈에 띄게 증가시켰다. 또한 100 ㎍/ml의 해당화 줄기 추출물은 미세먼지 입자 단독 처리군에 비해 NO 생성을 45% 이상 감소시켰고, PM10에 의해 유도된 interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2의 발현을 유의하게 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과는 해당화 줄기 추출물의 항염증 효과가 PM10으로 자극된 RAW 264.7 세포에서 염증 유발 매개체의 억제에 의해 매개됨을 나타내며, 해당화 줄기가 유해한 공기 중 미세먼지 입자에 의해 유발되는 염증반응에 대한 보호 효과가 있는 천연 자원으로서 가치가 있음을 시사한다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.366-372
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Ammonia is known as a precursor to fine particulate matter, and according to CAPSS, annual ammonia emissions in the agricultural sector were 249,777 tons as of 2018, accounting for about 79.0% of Korea's total ammonia emissions. In particular, ammonia emissions from agricultural land increased by 19,566 tons (10.2%) compared to the previous year. The Ministry of Environment is setting emission statistics using the ammonia emission coefficient developed in Korea in 2008, but researchers in the agricultural field regard it as a coefficient that does not reflect the reality of Korea's agricultural environment. Accordingly, in order to develop ammonia emission coefficients from the cultivation of apples and pears, Korea's representative fruit type, test agricultural land was set in Iksan, Jeollabuk-do. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study attempted to obtain the ammonia emission coefficient by the treatment of the composite fertilizer (N-P₂O₅-K₂O=12-7-9), and the flux was measured using a dynamic flow-through chamber method. As for the chamber, a total of 12 chambers were installed repeatedly in 4 zones and used to develop emission coefficients. Using compound fertilizers during fruit tree cultivation, the ammonia emission coefficient was evaluated as 10.4 kg NH3/ton for pears and 15.3 kg NH₃/ton for apples. The reason why the ammonia emission coefficient according to the use of composite fertilizers was calculated higher for apple cultivation is believed to be due to the relatively high pH concentration of apple orchard soil. CONCLUSION(S): This study may provide basic data for upgrading the ammonia emission coefficient when using composite fertilizers in agricultural land. In the future, it might be necessary to upgrade the calculation of emissions through the development of ammonia and fine particulate matter emission coefficients considering the agricultural environment of Korea.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.150-150
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• 2016

Mankind is enjoying a great convenience of their life by the rapid growth of secondary industry since the Industrial Revolution and it is possible due to the invention of huge power such as engine. The automobile which plays the important role of industrial development and human movement is powered by the Engine Module, and especially Diesel engine is widely used because of mechanical durability and energy efficiency. The main work mechanism of the Diesel engine is composed of inhalation of the organic material (coal, oil, etc.), combustion, explosion and exhaust Cycle process then the carbon compound emissions during the last exhaust process are essential which is known as the major causes of air pollution issues in recent years. In particular, COx, called carbon oxide compound which is composed of a very small size of the particles from several ten to hundred nano meter and they exist as a suspension in the atmosphere. These Diesel particles can be accumulated at the respiratory organs and cause many serious diseases. In order to compensate for the weak point of such a Diesel Engine, the DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) post-cleaning equipment has been used and it mainly consists of ceramic materials(SiC, Cordierite etc) because of the necessity for the engine system durability on the exposure of high temperature, high pressure and chemical harsh environmental. Ceramic Material filter, but it remains a lot of problems yet, such as limitations of collecting very small particles below micro size, high cost due to difficulties of manufacturing process and low fuel consumption efficiency due to back pressure increase by the small pore structure. This study is to test the possibility of new structure by direct infiltration of SiC Whisker on Carbon felt as the next generation filter and this new filter is expected to improve the above various problems of the Ceramic DPF currently in use and reduction of the cost simultaneously. In this experiment, non-catalytic VS CVD (Vapor-Solid Chemical Vaporized Deposition) system was adopted to keep high mechanical properties of SiC and MTS (Methyl-Trichloro-Silane) gas used as source and H2 gas used as dilute gas. From this, the suitable whisker growth for high performance filter was observed depending on each deposition conditions change (input gas ratio, temperature, mass flow rate etc.).

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.219-236
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• 2009

Particle-phase organic tracers (molecular markers) have been shown to be an effective method to assess and quantify the impact of sources of carbonaceous aerosols. These molecular markers have been used in chemical mass balance (CMB) models to apportion primary sources of organic aerosols in regions where the major organic aerosol source categories have been identified. As in the case of all CMB models, all important sources of the tracer compounds must be included in a Molecular Marker CMB (MM-CMB) model or the MMCMB model can be subject to biases. To this end, the application of the MM-CMB models to locations where reasonably accurate emissions inventory of organic aerosols are not available, should be performed with extreme caution. Of great concern is the potential presence of industrial point sources that emit carbonaceous aerosols and have not been well characterized or inventoried. The current study demonstrates that emissions from industrial point sources in the St. Louis, Missouri area can greatly bias molecular marker CMB models if their emissions are not correctly addressed. At a sampling site in the greater St. Louis Area, carbonaceous aerosols from industrial point sources were found to be important source of carbonaceous aerosols during specific time periods in addition to common urban sources (i.e. mobile sources, wood burning, and road dust). Since source profiles for these industrial sources have not been properly characterized, method to identify time periods when point sources are impacting a sampling site, needs to avoid obtaining biases source apportionment results. The use of real time air pollution measurements, along with molecular marker measurements, as a screening tool to identify when point sources are impacting a receptor site is presented.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2017

The main purpose of the study was to clarify the properties of individual particles collected at each behavior space of a factory worker. The samplings of size-segregated ($PM_{2.1-1.1}$ and $PM_{4.7-3.3}$) indoor particles were conducted at three different behavior spaces of a factory worker who is engaged in an auto parts manufacturing plant (i.e., his home, his work place in factory, and his favorite restaurant). Elemental specification (i.e., relative elemental content and distribution in and/or on individual particles) was performed by a micro-PIXE system. Every element detected from the coarse particulate matters of home was classified into three groups, i.e., a group of high net-counts (Na, Al, and Si), a group of intermediate net-counts (Mg, S, Cl, K, and Ca), and a group of minor trace elements (P, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb). The results of EF for $PM_{4.7-3.3}$ in home indicated that several heavy metals were generated from the sources within the house itself. An exceptional feature shown in the individual particles in workplace is that Cr, Mn, and Co were clearly detected in both fine and coarse particles. Cluster analysis suggested that the individual coarse particles ($PM_{4.7-3.3}$) collected at the indoor of factory were chemically heterogeneous and they modified with sea-salt, mineral, and artificially derived elements. The principal components in individual coarse particles collected at restaurant were sea-salt and mineral without mixing with harmful trace elements like chromium and manganese. Compared to the indoor fine particles of home and restaurant, many elements, especially, Cl, Na, Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn showed overwhelmingly high net-counts in those of factory.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2017

In Japan, the primary carbonaceous particles emitted from motor vehicles and waste incinerators have been reduced due to strict regulations against exhaust gas. However, the relative contribution of carbonaceous particles derived from plants and biomass has been increasing. Accordingly, compositional analysis of carbonaceous particles has become increasingly important to determine the sources and types of particles produced. To reveal the sources of the organic particles contained in particulate matter with diameters of ${\leq}2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$) and the processes involved in their generation, we analyzed molecular marker compounds (2-methyltetrols, cis-pinonic acid, and levoglucosan) derived from the plants and biomass in the $PM_{2.5}$ collected during daytime- and nighttime-sampling periods in summer (July and August) and autumn (November) in Kazo, which is in the northern area of Saitama prefecture, Japan. We also measured $^{14}C$ carbonaceous concentrations in the same $PM_{2.5}$ samples. The concentrations of 2-methyltetrols were higher in the summer than in the autumn. Because the deciduous period overlaps with this decrease in the levels of 2-methyltetrols, we considered the emission source to broad-leaved trees. In contrast, the emission source of the cis-pinonic acid precursor was considered to be conifers, because its concentration remained almost constant throughout the year. The concentration of levoglucosan was considerably increased in the autumn due to frequent biomass open burning. The ratio of plant-derived carbon to total carbon, obtained by measuring of $^{14}C$, in summer $PM_{2.5}$ sample was higher in the nighttime, and could be influenced by anthropogenic sources during the daytime.