• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.666-672
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• 2004

Granular media filtration is used almost universally as the last particle removal process in conventional water treatment plants. Therefore, superb particle removal efficiency is needed during this process to ensure a high quality of drinking water. However, every particle can not be removed during granular media filtration. Besides the pattern of particle attachment is different depending on physicochemical aspects of particles and suspension. Filtration experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale filter using spherical glass beads with a diameter of 0.55 mm as collectors. A single type of particle suspension (Min-U-Sil 5) and pH control was used to destabilize particles. The operating conditions were similar to those of standard media filtration practice: a filtration velocity of 5 m/h. More favorable particles, i.e., particles with smaller surface charge, were well attached to the collectors especially during the early stage of filtration. This selective attachment of the lower charged particles caused the zeta potential distribution (ZPD) of the effluent to move to a more negative range. On the other hand, the ZPD of the effluent did not keep moving from less negative to more negative during the later stages of filtration, and this result was thought to be caused by two reasons: ripening effects and the detachment of flocs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2005

Mathematical model was developed to verify a sequential particle removal taking place in a granular media gravity filter. Consequential multi-layer filtration cycle model was applied to verify the fraction of filter effluent particles that are filter influent particles that were never removed as well as the fraction of filter effluent particles that were detached after deposition were performed through laboratory experiments. Three sizes of marker particles were injected ahead of the filter column as a pulse in the presence of four sizes of polystyrene particles that were used as a primary source of particles in the raw suspension to investigate particle attachment alone in contrast to net removal from attachment and detachment. Microscopic counting of filter effluent particles was assumed to reflect attachment. Experimental results indicated that particle detachment is significant beginning from the early phase of filtration. For each size of fluorescent microspheres at one filter depth, fluorescent microsphere removal increased with filter runtime to a maximum due to ripening. The detached fraction of effluent particles increased with particle size and filter depth. The presence of detached particles and the increasing fraction of detached particles in deeper bed were confirmed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.625-630
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• 2004

Granular media filtration is used almost universally as the last particle removal process in conventional water treatment plants. Therefore, superb particle removal efficiency is needed during this process to ensure a high quality of drinking water. However, every particle can not be removed during granular media filtration. Besides the pattern of particle attachment is different depending on physicochemical aspects of particles and suspension. Filtration experiments were performed in a laboratory-scale filter using spherical glass beads with a diameter of 0.55 mm as collectors. A single type of particle suspension (Min-U-Sil 5) and alum coagulation was used to destabilize particles. The operating conditions were similar to those of standard media filtration practice: a filtration velocity of 5 m/h. More favorable particles, i.e., particles with smaller surface charge, were well attached to the collectors especially during the early stage of filtration when zeta potential of particles and collectors are both negative. This selective attachment of the lower charged particles caused the zeta potential distribution (ZPD) of the effluent to move to a more negative range. On the other hand, the ZPDs of the effluent moved from more positive to less positive when the surface charge of particles was positive and this result was thought to be caused by ion transfer between particles and collectors.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2017

A cyclone is an effective tool to facilitate the collection of aerosol particles without using filters, and in cell exposure studies is able to collect a sufficient amount of aerosol particles to evaluate their adverse health effect. In this study, we examined two different methods to improve the aerosol particle collection efficiency of a cyclone. The individual and combined effects of reducing the surface roughness of the inner wall of the cyclone and of using a circular cone attachment were tested. The collection efficiency of particles of diameter $0.2{\mu}m$ was improved by approximately 10% when using a cyclone with a smoothened inner wall (average roughness $Ra=0.08{\mu}m$) compared with the original cyclone ($Ra=5.1{\mu}m$). A circular cone attachment placed between the bottom section of the cyclone and the top section of a collection bottle, resulted in improved collection of smaller particles without the attachment. The 50% cutoff diameter of the modified cyclone (combined use of smoothened inner wall and attachment) was $0.23{\mu}m$ compared to $0.28{\mu}m$ in the original model. The combined use of these two techniques resulted in improved collection efficiency of aerosol particles.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 1998

In order to develop of support medla for bloom reactor, physicochemical properties and attachability of surface of activated carbon, clay mineral, non-clay mineral, and waste mold sand were enamined. Measured physicochemical properties of materials were surface roughness, mean particle size, surface area, hydrophobicity, and surface charge. At a tested materials, activated carbon was the best attachable material and microorganisms were attached $20.1{\times}10^7CFU/cm^2$ at surface, compared with diatomaceous earth which were attached of $9.2{\times}10^7CFU/cm^2$ in our research, surface area and hydrophobicity show- ed more Influence than any other factor on attachment of microorganisms.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.1083-1089
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• 2005

Most experimental studies available in the literature on filtration are based on observed average zeta potential of particles (usually 10 measurements). However, analyses of data using the average zeta potential alone can lead to misleading and erroneous conclusions about the attachment behavior because of the variation of particle zeta potentials and the heterogeneous distribution of the collector surface charge. To study characteristics of zeta potential, zeta potential distributions (ZPDs) of silica particles under 9 different chemical conditions were investigated. Contrary to many researchers’ assumptions, most of the ZPDs of silica particles were broad. The solids concentration removal was better near the isoelectric point (IEP) as many researchers have noticed, thus proper destabilization of particles is very important to achieve better particle removal in particle separation processes. While, the mean zeta potential of silica particles at a given coagulant dose was a function of particle concentration; the amount of needed coagulant for particle destabilization was proportional to the total surface charge area of particles in the suspension.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.412-419
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• 1989

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with the plasmalemma of Amoeba proteus were produced. Specificity of the 3 MAbs was determined by transfer blotting of the SDS polvacryfamide gel. AMS antibody reacted with the mucopolysaccharide bands of the spacer gel, 220 KD and 50 KD proteins of the resolving gel. The maior glycoprotein bands (175 KD, 165 KD) and 50 KD protein of the plasmalemma were recognized by AUG antibody. A third, AMP antibody reacted with the 50 KD protein only. In immunofluorescence microscopy of the enzyme treated cells, the antigens of these MAbs were sensitive to proteases, but not sensitive to neuraminidase. In the assay of cell to substratum attachment after binding with the antibody, AMG and AMP antibodies exerted no effect, but AMS hindered the attachment and cell spreading. Thus the effective components of the plasmalemma in cell to substratum attachment appear to be the mucopolysaccharides and 220 KD protein. The membranes of latex particle infested phagosomes did not show any distinction from the plasmalemma in fluorescence microscopy. Phagosome membranes of amoebae appear to be derived from the plasma membrane without selection in terms of the antigen composition. Amoeba Proteus의 세포막과 반응하는 단세포군 항체를 생산하였다. SDS polyacrylamide gel을 transfer blotting하여 이들 항체의 반응 특이성을 조사해 본 결과 AMS 단항체는 PAS로 염색되는 spacer gel의 mucopolysaccharide 린드, resolving gel의 220 KD 및 50 KD 단백질과 반응하였으며, 세포막의 주요 당단백질인 175 KD 및 165 KD 빈드와 50 KD 단백질은 AMG 단항체에 의해서 인지되었다. 그리고 AMP단항체는 공통인 50 KD 단백질과 특이하게 반응하였다. 효소처리한 아메바의 면역형광칠미경적 조사에서 이들 항체에 대한 항원분자들은 모두 단백질분해효소에 민감하였으며 neuraminidase에 대해서는 변화가 없었다. 이들 항체를 결합시킨 아메바의 용기표면 부착 가능성을 분석한 결과 AMP 및 AMG 단항체는 아무런 영향을 미치지 못하였으며 AMS 단항체는 세포의 용기표면 부착 및 세포의 펴짐을 저해하였다. 따라서 아메바의 용기표면 부착은 mucopolysaccharide 및 220 KD 단백질에 의해서 매게되는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 latex particle을 담고 있는 식포막은 면역형광형미경적 조사에서 세포막과 차이가 없었다. 따라서 겐포막은 항원 조성에 있어서 비 선택적으로 세포막에서 유도되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2021

In the flotation process to remove microplastic (MP) particles, the attachment and separation efficiency is determined by the basic physicochemical characteristics of MP particles as well as bubbles. To evaluate the flotation characteristics of MP particles, we carried out a series of simulations using the population balance (PB) model. The initial attachment coefficient (αo) of MP particles was in the range of 0.2-0.275, and it was slightly lower than that of typical particles, such as clay, debris and algae particles, which exist in water bodies, αo, 0.3-0.4. The relative bubble number (RBN) attached to the surface of the typical number of bubbles was 0.30 and 0.32 for MP 30 ㎛ and MP 58 ㎛, respectively. In comparison, the RBN of larger MP particles (138 ㎛) was as high as 0.53. Furthermore, smaller microbubbles were required to separate properly or additional treatment needed to be applied to enhance collision and attachment efficiency since the flotation of MP particles was found to be difficult to treat as high-rate. As a result of comparing the removal rate (experimental value) of MP particles obtained from the batch-type flotation apparatus and the flotation removal rate (predicted value) of MP obtained through the PB model, the final particles by the particle size of MP overall except for the initial separation time area. With respect to the removal efficiency, the observed and predicted values were similar, and it was confirmed that the floating separation characteristics and evaluation of the MP particles through the PB model could be possible.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.424-428
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• 2012

Nano Pd spot-coated active carbon powders were synthesized by a hydrothermal-attachment method (HAA) using PVP capped Pd colloid in a high pressure bomb at $250^{\circ}C$, 450 psi, respectively. The PVP capped Pd colloid was synthesized by the precipitation-redispersion method. PVP capped Pd nano particles showed the narrow size distribution and their particle sizes were less than 8nm in diameter. In the case of nano Pd-spot coated active carbon powders, nano-sized Pd particles were adhered in the active carbon powder surface by HAA method. The component of Pd was homogeneously distributed on the active carbon surface.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.546-551
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• 2011

Ag spot-coated Cu nanopowders were synthesized by a hydrothermal-attachment method (HA) using oleic acid capped Ag hydrosol. Cu nano powders were synthesized by pulsed wire exploding method using 0.4 mm in diameter of Cu wire (purity 99.9%). Synthesized Cu nano powders are seen with comparatively spherical shape having range in 50 nm to 150 nm in diameter. The oleic acid capped Ag hydrosol was synthesized by the precipitation-redispersion method. Oleic acid capped Ag nano particles showed the narrow size distribution and their particle size were less than 20 nm in diameter. In the case of nano Ag-spot coated Cu powders, nanosized Ag particles were adhered in the copper surface by HAA method. The components of C, O and Ag were distributed on the surface of copper powder.