• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2015

As negative effects of climate change have been visualized and its direct damages to economy have been realized, the global efforts to respond to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emission were accelerated. Korea's Carbon Footprint Labeling gets a lot of attention as one of the effective methods to contribute to national GHG reduction goal, and for enterprises to show customers how much effort the company put into global warming prevention. Consumers' interest on low-carbon products has been increasing. This study uses Life Cycle Assessment method to calculate the amount of carbon emission of dishwashing detergent, LG Household & Healthcare, which reduced carbon emissions by using raw materials that has relatively lower environment load. Life Cycle Assessment Method is based on guidelines of Carbon Footprint Labeling, Ministry of Environment, and pre-manufacturing, manufacturing, and disposal phase are included while use phase of the product is excluded from assessment. In order to understand the effects of eco-design on carbon emissions, the dishwashing detergent's carbon emissions are compared before and after the change of main raw materials. The result shows the improvement from $0.47kgCO_2eq/kg$ to $0.38kgCO_2eq/kg$ per product, and this means the main raw materials' carbon emissions could be reduced by around 9.4%, which is equivalent to 916tons of GHG emissions per year.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.103-117
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• 1999

1. Background and Purpose : Sasang Constitutional medicine is baon dividing individuals' constitutions into four categories. Determination of an individual's constitution, however, can be different according to who he or she consults with since it depends solely on the examiner's own perception and methods. Currently, the use of self-reporting questionnaires is accepted as a general approach in clinical settings, but the results of different questionnaires tend to be inconsistent. In this study, we investigated how different the results of the questionnaires are and what the inter-questionnaires agreement is. 2. Method : 1595 peoples who volunteered our research from 1997 to 1999 and were evaluated disease free were asked to mark out three questionnaires: Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire, QSCC I and QSCCII(QSCC I was completed by 348 patients only). 3. Results and Conclusions : Three questionnaires above produced different results as excepted. In Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire, the Soeumin accounted for 55.9%. With the modified version of Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire, the Taeumin was the majoriy(39.1 %) and, QSCCII also showed similar results(34.8% of Taeumin). In contrast, the QSCC I revealed the majority consisted of the Soyangin (59.1 %). In terms of analysis on inter-questionnaire agreement, Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire and its modified version showed the highest agreement of 66.3, followed by 55.6% of QSCCII and the modified version from Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire. Therefore, we concluded that the ideal choice to determine an individual's constitution, as far as questionnaires go, is to take results from both the modified version from Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire and QSCCII. We found the use of QSCC I can be confusing to reach a satisfactory agreement.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2010

Purpose : Although oseltamivir is widely used for treatment of influenza, few clinical studies of its efficacy and resistance have been performed in Korea. We evaluated the safety, side effects, and efficacy of oseltamivir treatment in Korean pediatric patients. Methods : We analyzed 321 children diagnosed with influenza at Busan St. Mary's Medical Center, Korea, between January 2008 and June 2008 (first study period) and November 2008 and January 2009 (second study period). Patients were divided into two groups: those receiving oseltamivir treatment for 5 days and those receiving only symptomatic treatment. We investigated clinical symptoms, side effects, and resistance to oseltamivir. We also identified influenza strains and evaluated resistance to oseltamivir using an influenza virus culture. Results : One hundred eighty-six patients were assigned to the treatment group, and 135 were assigned to the control group. The treatment group showed shorter admission duration (4.4 days) compared with controls (5.0 days) (P =0.000) and had fewer lower respiratory tract complications compared with controls (P <0.05). No significant statistical difference in the virus antigenic type was observed between the groups. In the first study period, virus culture showed influenza B (41.7% vs. 49.6%), A/H3N2 (7.9% vs. 8.4%), and A/H1N1 (9.4% vs. 6.5%). In the second study period, only A/H1N1 (55.3% vs. 50.0%) was isolated, except for one case of A (H3N2) in the treatment group. No differences in short- and long-term side effects, including neuropsychologic side effects, were noted between groups. There was no resistance to oseltamivir before or after treatment in the first study period. Conclusion : Based on our results, we suggest that osetalmivir therapy in pediatric patients is effective.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2010

Viral diseases, especially Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) have been most serious in barley fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of different level of resistance to viral diseases on the plant growth and yield in malting barley. In diagnosis of virus infection, BaYMV and BaMMV were detected in 'Doosan 29' (susceptible), however, 'Jinyangbori' (moderate susceptible) and 'Hopumbori' (moderate) was infected by only BaYMV. Plant height was restrained about 8~29% in overwintered plant regeneration stage depending on the resistant of each cultivar. The culm length damaged also to 9~12% by BaYMV infection. The tiller numbers reduced to 10~14% in overwintering season, however, the head numbers in harvest season more decreased to 26~33%. Heading date was delayed to 3~3 days by the infection. In examination of yield components, 1,000 kernel weight and $\ell$ weight reduced according to culrivar's resistant degrees to 4.0~6.4% and 1.0~4.2%, respectively. The yield of abortive grain was doubled in BaYMV infection comparing to non-infested field. Three varieties tested in the non-infected field over two years were not significantly different for yield potential with ranges of 509kg~632kg/10a. However, significant yield reduction was observed in 'Saessalbori' and 'Baegdong' with ranges of 77~177kg/10a as compared to 'Hopumbori' (467 kg/10a) when tested in the virus-infected field. Yield potentials of these cultivars reduced by 26~43%, respectively, in the virus-infected field as compared to those in the non-infected field.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

The results that research industrial competitive power of about two hundreds frames manufactures were as follows. First, It's researched that frames industry of Daegu will be worse and worse, and 79 percent of inquiry manufactures in export and 58 percent of them in the domestic demand prospects to be worse. Second, it is analyzed that the commercial profits in 2004 was more decreased to 16.5 percent than 2002. Therefore it is studied that they will be diminished to 5---- comparing with last year by a fall in the exchange rate of the won dollar, in the export unit cost and a raise of raw material price. Third, it is researched that most competitive countries of Daegu glasses manufactures is China and the mext county is japan, ltuly and hik. Fourth, It is studied that average price of glasses of Daegu during last three years(2002~2004) was more disadvantageous than China and Hong Kong, but was more profitable than Italy and Japan by the examination that when Korea is 100, China is 82, Hong Kong 89, Italy 112, Japan 114. Fifth, It is investigated that the average of production cost in Daegu is more disadvantageous than that of China and Hong Kong but is more profitable that of Italy and Japan by the study that when average production cost of Korea is 100, that of China is 78 and that of Hong Kong 89, that of Italy 114. Sixth, It is studied that the Average personal expense of Daegu is much more disadvantageous than that of China and more profitable than Japan and Italy by the analysis that when Korea is 100, China is 74, Hong Kong 98, Japan 112, Italy 113. Seventh, It is analyzed that technique, quality, design of Daegu are more advantageous than those of China, are equal with those of Hong Kong. Eighth, It is studied that Daegu still lags behind more four and five years than developed countries and goes more oheod four years than developing countries.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.72-76
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• 2009

It was investigated the responses of BaYMV resistant genes to Korean BaYMV(Barley yellow mosaic virus) strains. BaYMV was distributed dominantly with about 51% detection ratio among the three investigated virus such as BaYMV, BaMMV(Barley mild mosaic virus) and SBWMV(Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus) in ELISA test. Double infection with BaYMV and BaMMV was detected also higher as 38.8%, however, BaMMV sole infection ratio was lower with only 1.4%. The 11 BaYMV resistant genes were tested their responses to four Korean BaYMV strains, BaYMV-N, H, I and M. Generally, rym 3 genes showed resistant to Korean BaYMV strains and rym 4m and 5a also was better. Three genes, rym 1+5(Mokusekko-3), rym 3(Ea 52, Baitori) and rym 5a(Solan) showed resistant responses to BaYMV-N type. In -H strain test, seven genes that rym 2(Mihori Hadaka 3), rym 3(Ea 52, Haganemugi, Baitori), rym 4m(Diana, Franka), rym 5a(Solan), rym 7(Hor 3365), rym 9(Bulgarian 347), rym 12(Jochiwon Covered 2) were considered as resistant. The three genes that rym 1+5, rym 3 and rym 5a was effective to -I strain, and rym 3, rym 4m and rym 5a showed resistant to -M strain.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1994

It is known that the normal His-Purkinje system provides for nearly synchronous activation of right (RV) and left (LV) ventricles. When His-Purkinje conduction is abnormal, the resulting sequence of ventricular contraction must be correspondingly abnormal. These abnormal mechanical consequences were difficult to demonstrate because of the complexity and the rapidity of it's events. To determine the relationship of the phase changes and the abnormalities of ventricular conduction, we performed phase image analysis of $^{99m}Tc$-RBC gated blood pool scintigrams in patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances (24 complete left bundle branch block (C-LBBB), 15 complete right bundle branch block (C-RBBB), 13 Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), 10 controls). The results were as follows; 1) The ejection fraction (EF), peak ejection rate (PER), and peak filling rate (PFR) of LV in gated blood pool scintigraphy (GBPS) were significantly lower in patients with C-LBBB than in controls ($44.4{\pm}13.9%$ vs $69.9{\pm}4.2%,\;2.48{\pm}0.98$ vs $3.51{\pm}0.62,\;1.76{\pm}0.71$ vs $3.38{\pm}0.92$, respectively, p<0.05). 2) In the phase angle analysis of LV, Standard deviation (SD), width of half maximum of phase angle (FWHM), and range of phase angle were significantly increased in patients with C-LBBB than in controls ($20.6{\pm}18.1$ vs $8.6{\pm}1.8,\;22.5{\pm}9.2$ vs $16.0{\pm}3.9,\;95.7{\pm}31.7$ vs $51.3{\pm}5.4$, respectively, p<0.05). 3) There was no significant difference in EF, PER, PFR between patients with the Wolff-parkinson-White syndrome and controls. 4) Standard deviation and range of phase angle were significantly higher in patients with WPW syndrome than in controls ($10.6{\pm}2.6$ vs $8.6{\pm}1.8$, p<0.05, $69.8{\pm}11.7$ vs $51.3{\pm}5.4$, p<0.001, respectively), however, there was no difference between the two groups in full width of half maximum. 5) Phase image analysis revealed relatively uniform phase across the both ventricles in patients with normal conduction, but markedly delayed phase in the left ventricle of patients with LBBB. 6) In 13 cases of WPW syndrome, the site of preexcitation could be localized in 10 cases (77%) by phase image analysis. Therefore, it can be concluded that phase image analysis can provide an accurate noninvasive method to detect the mechanical consequences of a wide variety of abnormal electrical activation in ventricles.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.172-183
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• 2017

Germinated brown rice (GBR) has received considerable attention over the last decade as a means of enhancing the nutritional value and health-promoting functions of rice. The effect of germination on the physicochemical and textural properties of brown rice (BR) was investigated in different rice varieties (Samkwang, Misomi, Chindeul, and Hyeonpum). Cooking properties, such as water absorption, expanded volume, and soluble solids were significantly increased by germination in all rice varieties. Textural properties (hardness, toughness, adhesiveness, and stickiness) of cooked samples were determined using a texture analyzer. Hardness and toughness were decreased by germination, whereas stickiness and adhesiveness increased significantly. These results revealed that germination leads to improvements in the cooking and eating properties of BR. In Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), significant reductions were observed for peak viscosity, break down, set back, and final viscosity after germination. Although the amylose content of Misomi was slightly decreased by germination, that of other varieties increased significantly. Germination induced no noticeable change in the average chain length of amylopectin in Misomi, Chindeul and Hyeonpum, but led to a significant increase in Samkwang.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of the gastric epithelial cells of the mouse, inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma cells in the inguinal area, following administration of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C or Acriflavine-Guanosine compound (AG60). In this study, each mouse was inoculated with $1{\times}10^7$ Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day after inoculations, 0.2 mL of saline, 5-fluorouracil (30 mg/kg), mitomycin C ($400{\mu}g/kg$) or AG60 (30 mg/kg) were injected to the animals every other day, respectively. Each animals were sacrificed after 7th injection and tissue were taken from the gastric mucosa. Thereafter, the ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In the 5-fluorouracil-, mitomycin C- or AG60-treated mice, myelin figures and multivesicular bodies within the gastric mucous epithelial cells were observed more frequently than those of the normal control. In the 5-fluorouracil-treated mice, membrane structures containing a few mucous granules in the luminal space were observed. Indeed, bulging cytoplasmic process containing mucous granules protruding into the gastric lumen were observed in the mitomycin Ctreated mice. Therefore, this study suggested that AG60 as compared with 5-fluorourail and mitomycin C may effective medicine without damage to the secretion ability of gastric mucous epithelial cells.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 2005

Purpose : To evaluate the incidence of arm morbidity following breast cancer surgery including axillary dissection and to identify related factors. Materials and Methods : One hundred and fifty nine patients were studied using a self-report questionnaire and a clinical examination. Lymphedema, reduction of range of motion in shoulder joint and subjective symptoms (pain, impaired arm movement, numbness, stiffness) were evaluated. As related factors, demographic, oncologic characteristics and types of treatment were analysed. Results : The incidence of lymphedema ($\geqq$2 cm difference comparing to unaffected arm) was $6.3\%$, $10.7\%$, $22.5\%$ and $23.3\%$ at each 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm from wrist. Reduction of range of motion in shoulder joint ($\geqq$ 20 degree difference comparing to unaffected arm) was noted In more than 1/3 patients for flexion, abduction and internal rotation. Especially the reduction of range of motion in internal rotation was severe ($>50\%$ reduction) in 1/3 patients. Approximately 50 to $60\%$ of patients complained impaired arm movement, numbness, stiffness and pain. Body mass index (BMI) was the significant risk factor for lymphedema. Conclusion : Lymphedema was present in 1/3 of patients and the common sites of edema were 30 cm 40 cm proximal from the wrist. Also most severe reduction of range of motion in shoulder joint was with internal rotation. There needs weight control for lymphedema because BMI was the significant risk factor for lymphedema. Also rehabilitation program for range of motion especially internal rotation In shoulder joint should be developed.