• 제목/요약/키워드: Parity

검색결과 1,098건 처리시간 0.023초

Effect of Childbirth Age on Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

  • We, Ji Sun;Han, Kyungdo;Kwon, Hyuk-Sang;Kil, Kicheol
    • Journal of Korean Medical Science
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    • 제33권48호
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    • pp.311.1-311.10
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    • 2018
  • Background: In postmenopausal women, there is rapid bone loss due to estrogen depletion. In women, reproductive factors such as age at menarche, breastfeeding, and parity are considered risk factors of osteoporosis. Many reports suggest that obesity is associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis. This nationwide, population-based study aims to identify the association between maternal age and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal women of different obesity classifications. Methods: We assessed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. The study included 1,328 postmenopausal women, after excluding women with missing data for reproductive history among 4,546 postmenopausal women in the survey. Multivariate regression was used to identify the association between childbirth age and postmenopausal bone mineral density after adjustments for confounding factors. Results: The prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis was 35.24% (n = 468). After dividing the subjects into obese and non-obese groups based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, there were significant differences between non-osteoporosis and osteoporosis groups with regard to age at first childbirth, age at last childbirth, and parity in the BMI-based general obesity group. The prevalence of osteoporosis was highest in women older than 35 years old at last childbirth. The prevalence of osteoporosis was also greater in women with parity ${\geq}4$ compared to those with lower parity levels. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women of older age at last childbirth and higher parity were at increased risk of osteoporosis in the BMI-based non-general obesity group.

Impact of Changes in Maternal Age and Parity Distribution on the Increasing Trends in the Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Rates in South Korea, 2005-2015

  • Oh, Yujin;Bae, Jisuk
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제52권2호
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    • pp.123-130
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    • 2019
  • Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of shifts in maternal age and parity on the increasing trends in the low birth weight (LBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) rates from 2005 to 2015 in South Korea. Methods: Data from 4 993 041 live births registered with Statistics Korea during the period between 2005 and 2015 were analyzed. Applying a modified standardization method, we partitioned the total increment in the LBW and VLBW rates into (1) the increase in the LBW and VLBW rates due to changes in the maternal age and parity distribution (AP-dis) and (2) the increase due to changes in the age-specific and parity-specific rates (AP-spe) of LBW and VLBW for singleton and multiple births, respectively. Results: During the study period, the total increment in the LBW and VLBW rates was 1.43%p and 0.25%p, respectively. Among singleton births, changes in the AP-dis accounted for 79% (0.34%p) and 50% (0.06%p) of the total increment in the LBW and VLBW rates, respectively. Meanwhile, among multiple births, changes in the AP-dis did not contribute to the increase in the LBW and VLBW rates, with 100% of the increase in the LBW (1.00%p) and VLBW (0.13%p) rates being attributed to changes in the AP-spe. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that shifts in maternal age and parity were prominent contributors to the increase in the LBW and VLBW rates among singleton births between 2005 and 2015 in South Korea.

산차와 분만일령이 비유모돈과 포유자돈의 행동에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Parity and Farrowing Date on Behavior of Nursing Sows and Their Suckling Piglets)

  • 박종우;한정철;김두환
    • 한국축산시설환경학회지
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    • 제13권2호
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    • pp.89-96
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    • 2007
  • 모돈의 산차와 분만후 일령이 비유모돈과 그 자돈들의 행동에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 산차는 $1{\sim}2$ 산차, $3{\sim}4$ 산차, 5 산차 이상으로 나누고 각각의 산차에 해당하는 모돈이 분만 후 1일, 7일, 14일, 21일이 경과하였을 때 비유모돈과 포유자돈의 행동을 조사하였다. $1{\sim}8$산차 범위의 총 36두의 Landrace 혹은 Yorkshire 순종모돈과 복당 자돈수가 $11{\sim}13$두인 $Landrace\;{\times}\;Yorkshire\;F_1$ 자돈 439두를 공시하여 각 산차와 분만일령에 해당하는 비유 모돈과 그 자돈을 대상으로 24시간 동안의 행동을 각 처리당 3반복으로 비유모돈은 옆으로 누워있는 자세, 엎드린 자세, 앉은 자세, 서 있는 자세, 먹는 동작, 마시는 동작으로 보낸 시간비율을, 포유자돈은 누워 있는 자세, 걸어 다니는 동작, 포유성공, 포유실패로 보낸 시간비율을 분석하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 분만 후 비유기간동안 모돈은 거의 대부분의 시간을 누워서 보내는 것으로 나타났으며, 앉아 있거나 서 있거나 먹고 마시는 동작으로 보내는 시간은 많게는 15%에서 적게는 5% 정도를 차지하는 것으로 조사되었다. 비유기간 동안 모돈의 행동 빈도는 누워있는 자세, 엎드린 자세, 서 있는 자세, 앉아있는 자세, 먹는 동작, 마시는 동작 순으로 많았다. 2. 산차에 따른 비유기간 동안 모돈의 행동은 누워있는 자세와 앉아 있는 자세는 모돈의 산차 간에 차이가 없었으나, 엎드린 자세는 $1{\sim}2$산차 모돈이 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 서있는 자세, 먹는 동작, 마시는 동작은 일정한 경향을 나타내지 않았다. 3. 모돈의 비유기간 동안 그 자돈들의 행동은 분만 직후에 누워 있는 비율이 낮고 걷는 동작의 비율이 낮은 반면 포유 성공과 포유 실패가 동시에 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 분만 7일 이후에는 비유기간의 진행에 따른 차이가 없었다. 4. 모돈의 산차에 따른 그 자돈들의 행동은 $1{\sim}2$ 산차 모돈의 자돈들이 누워 있는 시간 비율과 포유 실패가 낮은 경향을 나타내었으나, 3산 이상 모돈의 자돈들은 어떤 행동의 차이도 찾을 수 없었다.

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낸드플래시 메모리의 효율적인 ECC 패리티 저장 방법 (Efficient Policy for ECC Parity Storing of NAND Flash Memory)

  • 김석만;오민석;조경록
    • 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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    • 제16권10호
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    • pp.477-482
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    • 2016
  • 본 논문은 ECC(error correcting code)의 오버헤드를 고려한 패리티의 저장 정책 및 그에 따른 낸드 플래시 메모리 컨트롤러의 구조를 제안한다. 일반적인 낸드 플래시 메모리의 용법은 데이터 영역과 스페어 영역을 분리하는 것이다. ECC 패리티는 낸드 플래시 메모리에 데이터가 입력될 때 생성된다. 일반적으로 ECC의 메시지 길이는 낸드 플래시 메모리의 한 페이지 보다 작기 때문에, 각 메시지의 패리티를 모두 모아 스페어 영역에 저장하게 된다. 읽기 동작 시에는 데이터 영역에 이어 스페어 영역의 ECC 패리티까지 모두 읽은 후에 ECC 처리를 통한 데이터 정정이 가능하다. 이 때 발생하는 오버헤드를 줄이기 위해 데이터/스페어 영역의 구분없이 ECC 처리된 데이터와 패리티를 연속으로 저장하는 분산형 정책을 사용하였다. 제안된 분산형 정책과 기존의 수집형 정책의 오버헤드를 설계적인 측면과 타이밍 측면으로 분석하고, 그에 맞는 낸드 플래시 메모리 컨트롤러의 구조를 제시한다. 페이지의 크기에 따른 액세스 시간을 시뮬레이션을 통해 분석한 결과, 읽기 동작 시, 분산형 정책의 액세스 시간이 수집형 정책에 비해 짧았고 페이지의 크기가 커질수록 감소율이 컸다. 실험에 사용된 16KB의 페이지 크기를 갖는 낸드 플래시 메모리의 경우 분산형 정책의 액세스 시간이 수집형 정책에 비해 13.6% 감소하였다. 이는 4GB 크기의 영상 파일을 읽을 때 약 1분가량의 시간이 단축되는 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 또한 읽기 동작이 많은 SSD(solid state drive)의 특성 상 전반적인 시스템의 성능 향상을 기대할 수 있다.

Influence of Milk Yield, Parity, Stage of Lactation and Body Weight on Urea and Protein Concentration in Milk of Murrah Buffaloes

  • Roy, B.;Mehla, R.K.;Sirohi, S.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제16권9호
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    • pp.1285-1290
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    • 2003
  • The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of test day milk yield, test day evening milk yield, parity, stage of lactation and body weight on milk urea and milk protein concentration. A total of 319 milk samples was collected from buffaloes over four month's period and subjected to urea and protein analysis. Milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was significantly (p<0.01) increased with increasing test day milk yield. The lowest value ($57.03{\pm}1.13$) was observed in the milk yield group ${\leq}4.5kg/day$ and the highest value ($64.15{\pm}1.13$) in the group 7.7-10.7 kg/day. However, test day evening milk yield had no significant effect on milk urea concentration. Milk protein did not vary significantly with the test day milk yield as well as test day evening milk yield. A clear decreasing trend of milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was found with the increasing parity. The highest MU concentration ($64.03{\pm}1.14$) was found in the first parity and the lowest ($55.67{\pm}1.22$) was found in the sixth and above parity. Whereas, stage of lactation had no effect on milk urea concentration. Moreover, parity and stage of lactation did not have any significant effect on milk protein concentration. Body weight (kg) was also found negatively (p<0.05) related with urea content (mg/dl) in milk. The highest mean MU concentration ($64.34{\pm}0.88$) was found when body weight was between 532 and 598 kg and lower mean values ($59.24{\pm}0.94$ and $59.33{\pm}1.23$) were observed in 599 to 665 kg and ${\geq}666kg$ group. Body weight also had significant (p<0.05) effect on milk protein content. The highest milk protein content (%) was found in ${\geq}666kg$ group and the lowest in <531 kg group. In conclusion, for proper interpretation of milk urea values to monitor protein nutrition status of the buffaloes parity, milk yield and body weight should be considered.

ON THE OPTION PRICES OF EUROPEAN ASIAN ARITHMETICAL OPTION

  • Shin, V.I.;Choi, Won
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.1069-1075
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    • 2000
  • In this paper, we deal with the European "Asian arithmetical option" and find the unique rational price associated with this option and Asian arithmetical call-put parity.

Effect of Pregnancy on Lactation Milk Value in Dairy Buffaloes

  • Khan, Sarzamin;Qureshi, Muhammad Subhan;Ahmad, Nazir;Amjed, Muhammad;Durrani, Fazali Raziq;Younas, Muhammad
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.523-531
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    • 2008
  • Buffalo are a major source of milk production, contributing 12.1% in the World and 38.0% in Asia. The buffaloes are kept under peri-urban farming systems to produce milk for urban populations. Breeding is delayed in these herds to get more economic benefit because farmers believe that the pregnancy decreases milk production. The lactation milk value has been studied in this paper as an economic indicator. Complete milk yield records of 3,304 buffaloes was collected from a group of state farms. Economic traits including lactation yield, lactation length, calving interval (CI), dry period and milk yield per day of calving interval (MYPDCI) were derived from the data. The animals were grouped according to parity number (1-3), service period (G1 to G4, conceiving during <150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 days post calving) and yield levels (HMY>2,500; MMY 2,001-2,500; and LMY 1,500-2,000 liters/ lactation). To study the effect of pregnancy on milk composition a research trial was conducted at a medium size private dairy farm, using forty lactating buffaloes of three yield levels and four service period groups, as described already. Milk was sampled on alternate weeks and analyzed for fat and protein contents (%). For quantifying the value of milk produced during a lactation period, the value corrected milk (VCM) was determined and converted to lactation milk value (LMV). Group means were compared for varicous parameters. Highest milk yield ($2,836.50{\pm}15.68$ liters/lactation) was recorded in the HMY animals of G4 group while lowest milk yield of $1,657.04{\pm}8.34$ liters/lactation was found in LMY of G1. Lactation was significantly increased with the extending of service period. The shortest dry period was recorded in HMY, parity 1, G1 animals and the longest in parity 2, MMY, G4.The CI was shortest in HMY, parity 1, and G1 animals and longest in LMY, parity 3, G4 buffaloes. The HMY, parity 2, G1 buffaloes showed the highest MYPDCI and the lowest value was recorded ($6.53{\pm}0.17$ vs. $2.76{\pm}0.04$ liter/day) for LMY, parity 1, G4 buffaloes. The VCM decreased with the delayed conception. This decreasing trend was higher in respect of the total yield but decrease in the VCM was smaller due to the increasing levels of fat and protein in the milk. The gap between the various production classes was reduced based on the VCM as compared with the yield per day of CI. LMV showed a consistent decline with extending service period in all three production groups. The study suggests that CI increased with delayed conception, showing a consistent trend in the low, moderate and high yielding buffaloes. There was a coherent declining pattern of milk yield with delaying conception, associated with prolonged CI. An animal conceiving at a later stage of lactation showed a decline in financial returns of 24 to 27% compared with those conceiving earlier.

Effects of dietary energy levels on physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating sows over three consecutive parities

  • Jin, S.S.;Jin, Y.H.;Jang, J.C.;Hong, J.S.;Jung, S.W.;Kim, Y.Y.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.410-420
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    • 2018
  • Objective: This experiment was to evaluate the effects of the dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance during gestation over three parities in sows. Methods: A total of 52 F1 gilts ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. The treatments contained 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg diet but feed was provided at 2.0, 2.2, and 2.4 kg/d in the first, second and third parity, respectively. Results: The body weight and body weight gain during gestation increased as the dietary energy level increased (p<0.05, and p<0.01) in the first parity. In the second parity, the body weight of sows was the lowest (p<0.05) when 3,100 kcal of ME/kg treatment diet was provided. The body weight was higher as the dietary energy level increased (p<0.05) during the gestation period in the third parity. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease when gilts were fed higher energy treatment diet (p = 0.08) and the body weight, body weight gain were increased by dietary energy level during gestation (p<0.05). Backfat thickness was not affected by dietary treatment during the gestation period in three parities, interestingly backfat change from breeding to d 110 of gestation was higher as the dietary energy level increased at the first parity (p<0.05). When gilts were fed 3,400 kcal of ME/kg treatment diet a higher number of weaning piglets was observed in the first parity (p<0.05). The highest culling rate (69%) was seen when gestating sows were fed 3,100 kcal/kg ME treatment diet during three parities. Conclusion: In conclusion, the adequate energy intake of gestating sows should be 6,400 or 6,600 kcal of ME/d, 7,040 or 7,260 kcal of ME/d, and 7,680 or 7,920 kcal of ME/d for parity 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

구매력평가 가설에 대한 연구: 중국을 대상으로 (A Study on the Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis: Evidence from China)

  • 장설근;하육강
    • 산경연구논집
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.65-75
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    • 2019
  • Purpose - Along with Chinese exchange rate's reform advancement, the issue of exchange rate of RMB has increasingly become the heated focus in the world. In July 2005, China carried out the reform of the exchange rate system, and this behavior has aroused the attention of the world. However, the dispute on whether the theory of purchasing power parity holds or not in China still exists. As such, this paper will attempt to explore whether the purchasing power parity is significant in China. Research design, data, and methodology - The monthly data from July 2005 to December 2017 will be employed to analyze the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the US dollar and the nominal exchange rate of RMB against the euro. Based on these datum, an empirical analysis will be conducted under the unit root test and the cointegration test to exploit the significance of purchasing power parity in China. Results - The findings of this paper reveal that an increase in China's consumer price index will lead to an increase in the RMB exchange rate, which will lead to the depreciation of RMB. Concomitantly, an increase in the consumer price index in the US and Europe will result in a decrease in the RMB exchange rate, which will lead to an appreciation of RMB. In general, in terms of the US, if US consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against US dollar will decrease by 0.905%; if China's consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against US dollar will increase by 0.648%. In terms of Europe, if Europe consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against euro will decrease by 0.277%; If China's consumer price index increases by 1%, China's nominal exchange rate against euro will increase by 0.235%. Conclusions - Generally speaking, the empirical evidences this paper provided show that the purchasing power parity theory has a certain explanatory ability for the decision of RMB exchange rate. As such, the purchasing power parity cannot hold completely, and China's government should continue to deepen the reform of the exchange rate system to improve China's exchange rate market.

산차가 한우번식에 미치는 영향에 대한 조사 연구 (Survey on the Effect of the Parity on Reproductive Traits of Korean Native Cows)

  • 백광수;고응규;성환후;이명식;류일선;정진관;나승환
    • 한국가축번식학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.359-366
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    • 1998
  • 본 조사연구는 산차에 따른 한우 번식우의 초종부, 초임 및 초산일령과 분만후 발정재귀일수, 수태당 종부회수, 분만후 수태일수, 분만간격 등을 검토하기 위하여 1996년 1월부터 1997년 12월까지 20농가에서 사육중인 한우 성빈우 670두를 대상으로 조사를 수행하였다. 1. 한우 미경산우의 초종부일령은 평균 443.0일이었고 초임일령은 평균 457.0 일이었으며 초산일령은 평균 746.6 일이었다. 2. 산차에 따른 분만후 발정재귀일수는 평균 70.1일이었고 산차별로는 2산차, 3산차, 4산차, 5산차 이상이 각각 70.5일, 66.4일, 79.7일, 60.4일로 5산차 이상이 가장 빨랐고 (p<0.05), 4산차가 가장 늦은 경향을 나타내었다 (p<0.05). 3. 산차에 따른 수태당 종부회수는 평균 1.53 회였고 미경산우, 2.산차, 3산차, 4산차 및 5산차가 각각 1.56 회, 1.43회, 1.48회, 1.67회 및 1.73회로 2산차가 가장 적었고 (p<0.005) 5산차 이상이 가장 많았으며 (p<0.05) 미경산우를 제외하고는 산차가 증가함에 따라 수태당 종부회수가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 4. 산차에 따른 분만후 수태일수는 평균 91.2 일이었고 산차별로는 2산차, 3산차, 4산차, 5산차 이상이 각각 86.9일, 89.6일, 104.5일 및 107.0일로 산차간에 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았으나 (p>0.05) 대체로 산차가 증가함에 따라 길어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 5. 산차에 따른 분만간격은 평균 375.3 일이었고 산차별로는 2산차, 3산차, 4산차 및 5산차 이상이 각각 370.8 일, 371.0일, 395.2일 및 383.9일로 2산차가 가장 짧았고 (p<0.05) 4 산차가 가장 긴(p<0.005) 경향을 나타내었다.

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