• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.355-363
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• 2005

This study aimed to investigate the cerebroprotective effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on permanent focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 6 and 24 hours by an intraluminal monofilament technique. An open cranial window was made on the right parietal bone for determination of continuous changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The infarct size was morphometrically determined using the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride technique. Brain edema was determined by measuring brain water content. In normal rats, rCBF was significantly increased by intravenous infusion of VEGF for 10 minutes. The VEGF-induced increase in rCBF was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with suramin, a heparin-binding growth factor inhibitor as well as $N^{\omega}-nitro-L-arginine$, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. In focal cerebral ischemic rats, the amplitude of decrease in rCBF during ischemic period was significantly less in VEGF-treated group, compared with that in vehicle-treated group. The cerebral infarct size was reduced by VEGF in a dose-dependent manner. The brain edema formation was dose-dependently reduced by VEGF in 24-hour MCA occlusion group but not in 6-hour MCA occlusion group. It is suggested that VEGF not only improves the rCBF during cerebral ischemic period but also reduces the brain edema formation, and thereby exert a protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2005

This study aimed to investigate the cerebroprotective effect of nociceptin on transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats by determining the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and the infarct size. Right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 2 hours, and thereafter was followed by reperfusion by an intraluminal monofilament technique. An open cranial window was made on the right parietal bone for determination of continuous changes in rCBF by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The infarct size was morphometrically determined using the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride technique. In normal rats, nociceptin ($0.01\~100\;nmol/kg$, Lv.) increased rCBF and decreased cerebral arterial resistance in a dose-dependent manner. Systemic arterial blood pressure was little affected by nociceptin at the doses of 0.01 and 0.1nmol/kg, but dose-dependently reduced at the doses of 1 nmol/kg or more. In transient cerebral ischemic rats, nociceptin ($0.01\~0.1$ nmol/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated the postischemic cerebral hyperemia, and progressively increased rCBF. The improving effect of nociceptin on the postischemic rCBF response was markedly blocked by pretreatment with $[Nphe^1]nociceptin(1-13)NH_2$ (1 nmol/kg, i.p.), a selective nociceptin receptor antagonist, but not by naloxone ($3{\mu}mol/kg$, i.p.), a selective opioid receptor antagonist. The cerebral infarct size was significantly reduced by nociceptin ($0.01\~0.1$ nmol/kg) administered i.p. 5 min after MCA occlusion in transient cerebral ischemia of 2-hour MCA occlusion and 22-hour reperfusiion. It is suggested that nociceptin improves the postischemic cerebral hemodynamics and thereby has a cerebroprotective effect in transient focal cerebral ischemia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 1977

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cingulate cortical ablation upon gastric ulceration, and the pathway through which cingulate cortex exerts the effect. 56 female rats were divided equally into cingulate (cingulate cortical ablation), cingulate-vagal (cingulate cortical ablation and vagotomy), normal control and vagal (vagotomy) groups. Cingulate cortex was ablated through a slit-shaped opening (1 mm in width, 13 mm in length) which was made symmetrically on both sides of, and parallel to, the sagittal suture by removing a bone flap from parietal and frontal bones on each side. Vagus nerves on both sides were transected around the distal end of the esophagus. In the normal control animals, surgical intervention ended with scalp incision. All rats were kept without restraint or food deprivation for 3 weeks after surgery. The stomach of each rat was inflated with 7 ml of physiological saline and then removed under deep anesthesia. The mucosal surface was examined under dissecting microscope for the location, shape and number of ulcers, and then enlarged photograph $(4{\times})$was taken. The incidence of ulcer in each group was counted and the number of ulceration as well as the total area of glandular mucosa were measured on the photograph. Results obtained were as follows: 1. The mean number of ulcer per stomach and the total area of ulcer exprssed as permillage of the total area of glandular mucosa were significantly higher in the cingulate group than the cingulate-vagal, the normal control and the vagal groups. There was no difference among the latter three groups. 2. The incidence of ulcer in the cingulate group was significantly higher than that in the .normal control group and was also higher, though not significantly, than those in the cingulate-vagal and the vagal groups. There was no difference among the normal control, the cingulate-vagal and the vagal groups. It is inferred from the above results that the cingulate cortex exerts an inhibitory influence upon gastric ulceration and that this influence is mediated by controlling the vagal activity.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.512-515
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• 2011

Purpose: Osteoma is one of the common benign tumors of the skull vault and facial skeleton. Although most of the osteomas cause no symptoms, forehead osteomas may lead to facial disfigurement. Osteoma usually happens in solitary lesion and multiple osteomas which don't combine with syndrome are very rare. We report an experience of treatment of non-syndromic multiple osteomas in the skull. Methods: A 54-year-old female patient visited due to the multiple palpable hard masses on her forehead in 2010. In 2002 of her first visit, masses started to appear on her forehead and she was diagnosed as the osteoma by excisional biopsy. She visited again because the mass size and number increased. In preoperative CT scanning, there were above 160 of osteomas, so surgery was planned. Enterogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy was conducted to rule out Gardener's syndrome, however there was no abnormality such as multiple polyposis. Results: Under general anesthesia, coronal approach was conducted. There were numerous osteomas in frontal and parietal bone. The multiple osteomas were removed by burring and the patient recovered without any postoperative complications. Conclusion: Multiple osteomas in the skull were rarely reported, although it can accompanied with Gardener's syndrome. We report a case of non-syndromic multiple osteomas in skull vault.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2015

Background: Source material used to fill calvarial defects includes autologous bones and synthetic alternatives. While autologous bone is preferable to synthetic material, autologous reconstruction is not always feasible due to defect size, unacceptable donor-site morbidity, and other issues. Today, advanced three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques allow for fabrication of titanium implants customized to the exact need of individual patients with calvarial defects. In this report, we present three cases of calvarial reconstructions using 3D-printed porous titanium implants. Methods: From 2013 through 2014, three calvarial defects were repaired using custom-made 3D porous titanium implants. The defects were due either to traumatic subdural hematoma or to meningioma and were located in parieto-occipital, fronto-temporo-parietal, and parieto-temporal areas. The implants were prepared using individual 3D computed tomography (CT) data, Mimics software, and an electron beam melting machine. For each patient, several designs of the implant were evaluated against 3D-printed skull models. All three cases had a custom-made 3D porous titanium implant laid on the defect and rigid fixation was done with 8 mm screws. Results: The custom-made 3D implants fit each patient's skull defect precisely without any dead space. The operative site healed without any specific complications. Postoperative CTs revealed the implants to be in correct position. Conclusion: An autologous graft is not a feasible option in the reconstruction of large calvarial defects. Ideally, synthetic materials for calvarial reconstruction should be easily applicable, durable, and strong. In these aspects, a 3D titanium implant can be an optimal source material in calvarial reconstruction.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1037-1041
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• 2001

결합조직형성 섬유종은 드문 골종양으로 조직학적으로는 양성이나 국소적으로 빨리 자라는 질환이다. 두개골에 발생한 결합조직형성 섬유종은 지금까지 9례가 보고되고 있으며, 이 중 8명은 여자에서 발생하다. 이 논문은 남자에서 발생한 두개골 결합조직형성 섬유종을 보고하며, 문헌을 검토하여, 이 질환의 임상양상 및 조직학적소견, 그리고 치료방법등을 보고하고자 한다. 환자는 21세 남자로 두통을 호소하으며, 두부 전산화 단층 촬상 뇌을 침습한 소견이 없는 단일 골용해성 부위가 관찰되었으며, 조직학적 검사상 결합조직형성 섬유종으로 밝혀졌다. 면역조직화학적 염색상, 종양의 에스트로겐과 프로게스테론 수용기는 음성이었다. 정상골을 포함한 종양을 전적출하으며, 35개월간 추적관찰결과 재발소견은 없었다. 다른 부위의 결합조직형성 섬유종과 비교했을 때, 종양의 정상골을 포함한 전적출이 두개골에서 가능하므로, 재발이 없는 것으로 생각되며, 남자에서 발생한 결합조직형성 섬유종을 치험하기에 문헌검토와 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

사육 중인 친어로부터 자연 산출된 자어를 2007년 12월부터 2008년 5월까지 수조에서 사육하면서 자치어의 성장에 따른 골격발달과정을 관찰하였다. 산출직후의 자어는 어떠한 골격요소도 전혀 골화되지 않았다. 부화 후 3일째의 평균전장 8.0mm에 처음으로 턱뼈의 골화와 함께 액골, 노정골, 쇄골, 새개골, 새조골 등의 골화가 시작되었다. 새개부를 구성하는 골격들은 12.3mm에 골화가 모두 완료되었으며, 두개골과 견대골을 구성하는 골격들은 평균전장 16.2 mm에 골화가 완료되었다. 미골복합체는 평균전장 9.8 mm에 하미축골의 골화가 시작되었고 이후 평균전장 10.8mm에 1번째와 2번째 하미축골 및 3번째와 4번째 하미축골이 서로 융합이 일어났으며, 평균전장 18.0 mm에 마지막으로 상미축골이 골화되어 모든 골격이 완료되었다. 척색의 굴절은 평균전장 8.5mm에 형성되어 평균전장 10.8mm에 완료되었으며, 26개로 구성된 척추골의 골화는 13.2mm에 완료되었다. 안와골의 골화는 안전골은 평균전장 10.8 mm에서 안하골은 평균전장 12.3 mm에서 골화가 시작되었으며, 평균전장 27.5 mm에 완료되었다. 최종적으로 부화 후 71일, 평균전장 27.5mm에 모든 골격의 골화가 완료되었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.703-708
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• 2005

쇄골두개 이형성증은 구강내에서 치아의 맹출 지연과 함께. 두개골 쇄골 및 안면의 비정상적인 성장을 보이는 상염색체 우성 유전 증후군이다. 이 증후군의 특징적인 소견으로, 쇄골이 양측성으로 존재하지 않거나 혹은 불완전한 구조로 존재하는 것을 들 수 있다. 또한 두개골 성장에 있어서 전두골, 후두골판은 다른 골과는 다르게 크기가 증가하여 비정상적 인 형태의 머리모양을 보인다. 두개골의 어떤 부위에는 충분한 골성장이 결여되어 봉합선이 매우 넓어져 있으며 방사선 사진상에서 봉합이 열려있는 상태로 관찰된다. 코는 대개 편평하고 넓으며, 일반적으로 상악의 성장이 부족하여 상대적으로 하악이 커 보인다. 구강내 소견으로는, 유치의 흡수가 늦어지며, 그 결과 영구치도 정상인보다 늦게 맹출되는 양상이 관찰된다. 20세 이상의 쇄골두개 이형성증 환자의 구강내에서 유치를 흔히 발견할 수 있다. 또한 다수의 과잉치가 존재하는데, 이는 구강내 전체에 걸쳐 존재할 수도 있다. 대부분의 쇄골두개 이형성증 환자는, 영구치 맹출 장애가 일어날 때까지 자신의 치과적 문제점을 인식할 수 없기 때문에, 적절한 치료시기를 지나서 치과병원에 내원하는 경우가 많다. 소아환자를 치료하는 치과의사는 쇄골두개 이형성증 환자의 치열 발육에 관한 지식을 숙지하여, 이러한 환자들이 적절한 시기에 치료를 받을 수 있도록 한다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 2007

Marjolin's ulcer is a rare and often-aggressive cutaneous malignancy that arises in previously traumatized or chronically inflamed skin, particularly after burns. We experienced two cases after burns. Case I involved a forty eight year-old man who had suffered from a flame burn at the parietal scalp area, where had been initially described three years earlier as a full-thickness wound including the pericranium. The man consulted us for a persistent ulcerative and infected wound on the burned lesion during the last 24 months, which turned out on the contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to be the squamous cell carcinoma with involving the skull and the dura mater. Although the posterior auricular lymph node was enlarged on the ipsilateral side, recent positron emission tomography (PET) CT did not show any metastatic lesion. It was impossible for us to resect the intracranial involvement of the tumor radically, and the postoperative PET CT still showed a focal fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake around the wall of the superior sagittal sinus. We think that an aggressive combined approach is essential for treatment in early stages for a high success rate, before the intracranial structures are involved because there is no consensus on the treatment for advanced disease, and the results are generally poor. Case 1 also did not involve a radical resection because of the intracranial invasion to the wall of superior sagittal sinus and the possibility of damage to the major cortical veins. He received adjuvant radiotherapy and must be followed periodically. Case 2 involved an eighty six year-old women who suffered from a painful scalp ulcer lesion after flame burns three years earlier. Unlike case 1, neither tumor infiltration into the dura nor lymph node enlargement was observed on the contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) CT. We did a radical resection of the tumor, including the involved bone, and a cranioplasty with bone cement.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.589-600
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• 2001

이 연구의 목적은 IGF-I의 골모세포에 대한 직접적 작용효과와 IGF-I이 섬유모세포에 작용된 후 섬유모세포에서 유리된 인자를 포함한 조절 배양액이 골모세포에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해 각각 치주인대 섬유모세포와 치은 섬유모세포를 이용하여 알아본 후, 치조골의 반응을 외적자극과의 사이에서 매개하는 치주인대의 주세포군인 섬유모세포를 통한 IGF-I의 골모세포에 대한 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 치주인대 섬유모세포와 치은 섬유모세포를 6-8주된 백서(Sprague-Dawley rat)에서 채집하고, 골모세포는 태생 21일된 동종백서에서 채집하여 기본배양을 한 후, 각 군을 6군으로 분리하여 $1{\times}10^4$/we11, (1ml/well)세포수로 분주한 골모세포 배양접시에 IGF-I을 1,10,100ng/m1로 각각 농도를 달리하여 그 효과를 알아보았다. 각각의 군은 대조군, IGF-I을 직접 투여한 골모세포 배양군, 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 골모세포 배양군, IGF-I으로 처리한 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 골모세포 배양군, 치은 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 골모세포 배양군, IGF-I으로 처 리한 치은 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 골모세포 배양군이다. 조절배양액은 배양 36시간후(IGF-I 처리후 12시 간 배양 포함) 채집하였고, 마지막으로 IGF-I 및 조절배양액으로 처리한 후에 추가 24시간 배양한 후, Alkaline phoaphatase 활성도, Western blot 을 이용한 BMP발현, MTT를 이용한 세포증식, BCA kit을 이용한 총단백질량 측정, Western blot을 이용한 교원질 합성 계측 및 골결절의 생성을 관찰하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 Alkaline phosphatase활성은 10, 100ng/m1의 IGF-I으로 처리한 군과 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 군, IGF-I으로 처리한 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 군에서 대조군보다 더 높게 나타났다. 10, 100ng/ml의 IGF-I으로 처리한 치주인대 섬유모세포의 조절배양액을 이용한 실험군에서 유의성 있게 높게 나타났다. 2. 100ng/m1농도의 IGF-I으로 직접 처리한 군에서 골모세포증식이 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 3. 총단백질량은 IGF-I투여와 상관없이 대조군, 실험군 모두 유사하였다. 4. 모든 실험군에서 BMP2,4가 발현되었고, 대조군과 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과에서 IGF-I의 투여여부와는 상관없이 치주인대 섬유모세포가 유리하는 물질이 골모세포의 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며, IGF-I은 고농도일때만 유의성있게 골모세포 활성을 촉진함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 이 연구를 통하여 치주인대 섬유모세포가 골모세포활성을 촉진 시키는 작용을 가지고 있음이 확인되었다.