• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.514-522
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• 2004

Background : Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are useful in chemoprevention of colorectal cancers. Continuous NSAID administation causes 40% to 50% reduction in relative risk for colorectal cancer. Sulindac possesses an antiproliferative effect and induces apoptosis and tumor regression on colon cancer and other types of cancers. We intended to analyze the effects of sulindac in three non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods : The human lung cancer cell lines, A549, NCI-H157 and NCI-H460 were used for this study. Viability was tested by MTT assay, and cell death rate was measured by lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release. Apoptosis was estimated by flow cytometric analysis and nuclear staining. Results: Sulindac was able to decrease the viability of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner. In a parallel effect of sulindac on cell death rate, LDH release was increased in sulindac-treated lung cancer cells. Sulindac significantly increased apoptosis characterized by an increase of $sub-G_0/G_1$ fraction and morphological change of nuclei. The rate of apoptotic cells after sulindac treatment in lung cancer cells increased in a time- and dose- dependent manner in flow cytometric analysis. Apoptotic cells were defined as nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation of cells. Conclusion : Sulindac decreases viability and induces the apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Further studies will be needed to elucidate the potential mechanism of sulindac-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.42.1-42.1
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• 2016

The formation process and the dynamical properties of a large-scale quasi-circular flare ribbon were investigated using the SDO AIA and HMI data along with data from RHESSI and SOT. Within one hour time interval, two subsequent M-class flares were detected from the NOAA 12371 that had a ${\beta}{\gamma}{\delta}$ configuration with one bipolar sunspot group in the east and one unipolar spot in the west embedded in a decayed magnetic field. Earlier M2.0 flare was associated with a coronal loop eruption, and a two-ribbon structure formed within the bipolar sunspot group. On the other hand, the later M2.6 flare was associated with a halo CME, and a quasi-circular ribbon developed encircling the full active region. The observed quasi-circular ribbon was strikingly large in size spanning 650" in north-south and 500" in east-west direction. It showed the well-known sequential brightening in the clockwise direction during the decay phase of the M2.6 flare at the estimated speed of 160.7 km s-1. The quasi-circular ribbon also showed the radial expansion, especially in the southern part. Interestingly, at the time of the later M2.6 flare, the third flare ribbon parallel to the early two-ribbon structure also developed near the unipolar sunspot, then showed a typical separation in pair with the eastern most ribbon of the early two ribbons. The potential field reconstruction based on the PFSS model showed a fan shaped magnetic configuration including fan-like field lines stemming from the unipolar spot and fanning out toward the background decayed field. This large-scale fan-like field overarched full active region, and the footpoints of fan-like field lines were co-spatial with the observed quasi-circular ribbon. From the NLFF magnetic field reconstruction, we confirmed the existence of a twisted flux rope structure in the bipolar spot group before the first M2.0 flare. Hard X-ray emission signatures were detected at the site of twisted flux rope during the pre-flare phase of the M2.0 flare. Based on the analysis of both two-ribbon structure and quasi-circular ribbon, we suggest that a tether-cutting reconnection between sheared arcade overarching the twisted flux rope embedded in a fan-like magnetic field may have triggered the first M2.0 flare, then secondary M2.6 flare was introduced by the fan-spine reconnection because of the interaction between the expanding field and the nearby quasi-null and formed the observed large-scale quasi-circular flare ribbon.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.326-331
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• 2012

Purpose: Length measurement from maxillary anterior teeth root tip to nasal floor is incorrect in panoramic radiography. Comparison of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and panoramic radiography should be helpful in determining the vertical length. Methods: Sixty nine patients were taken CBCT and panoramic radiography of the maxillary anterior. First measurement is length of parallel lines from the central incisor and lateral incisor root tip to nasal floor on CBCT. Second measurement is length of perpendicular lines from the central incisor and lateral incisor root tip to nasal floor on CBCT. Third measurement is length from the central incisor and lateral incisor root tip to nasal floor on panoramic radiographys. Results: In the first measurement of the maxillary central incisors, an average of $11.36{\pm}2.49$ mm in males and $10.49{\pm}2.17$ mm in females. In the second measurement of the maxillary central incisors, $10.41{\pm}2.42$ mm in males and $9.18{\pm}2.08$ mm in females. In the third measurement of the maxillary central incisors, $10.71{\pm}2.20$ mm in males and $9.27{\pm}2.10$ mm in females. In the first measurement of the maxillary lateral incisors, an average of $13.40{\pm}2.04$ mm in males and $11.96{\pm}2.20$ mm in females. In the second measurement of the maxillary lateral incisors, $11.25{\pm}1.82$ mm in males and $10.06{\pm}1.68$ mm in females. In the third measurement of the maxillary lateral incisors, $11.47{\pm}2.01$ mm in males and $10.13{\pm}1.70$ mm in females. Conclusion: The vertical length from root tip to nasal floor was longer in male than female (P>0.05). First measurement was longer than third measurement (P<0.05). This is the actual placement of the implant site measured on the vertical length than the length of the panorama means that there are a few more free. The first measurement was longer than 114% over the third measurement.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.1071-1078
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• 2003

In this paper, the planar, compact, and broadband phased array antenna system for IMT-2000 applications has been investigated. Two methods far designing a low-cost and low-complex beam-farming network are proposed. First, a new compact and broadband phase shifter with continuously controlled phase bits is designed by using parallel coupled lines. Second, its equivalent phase delay line is suggested to be capable of replacing the complex phase shifter with a reference phase bit on a phased array antenna. For the purpose of achieving the broadband system, in addition to the broadband phase shifter, a wide-slot antenna with a ground reflector is utilized as an element antenna. Therefore, the phased array antenna system has achieved compact size, broad bandwidth, and wide steering angle, although it has low complexity and low fabrication cost. The 3${\times}$1 phased array antenna system has a compact size of 1.6 λ${\times}$ l.6 λ, which is the sufficient ground plane of the wide-slot antenna. Experimental results present that the S$\_$11/ has less than 15 dB within the band and its radiation patterns on an E-plane have the capability of steering an antenna beam from -29$^{\circ}$to +30$^{\circ}$.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.160-170
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• 2020

Railroads and roads are typical linear projects, and their networks are expanding nationwide. To minimize the impact of their development on the environment, ecological disconnection due to the parallel lines of railroads and roads is to be avoided as much as possible. In this study, to examine the environmental impact of railroad and road development, the characteristics of railroads and roads and the differences between them were examined through a comparative analysis of key evaluation items. Based on the result, the road development, unlike the railroad project, suggests items for establishing an efficient land use plan and soil protection as the key evaluation items. There are no specific evaluation items and criteria that can be used to examine the environmental impact of railroad lines located adjacent to roads. In this study, eight evaluation items were suggested by reviewing the relevant literature. In particular, in the strategic environmental impact assessment stage, which examines the adequacy and location feasibility of the plan, the minimum separation distance criteria were proposed to examine in advance the environmental impact of railroads located adjacent to the existing roads. The distances were examined for the previously operated routes, and a distance of less than 200 m was suggested to minimize the environmental impact. The results were compared with those in other studies and analyzed. The results of this study can be used as a basis for examining alternative routes that can minimize the environmental impact of adjacent railroads and roads.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1375-1382
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• 2008

Frequency adjustable D-CRLH(dual-composite right/left handed) transmission lines, which solve the problem of design complexity and uncontrolled frequency of the existing structures, are proposed in this paper. The first design(type I), consisting of defected ground structure(DGS), island pattern in DGS, fixed stub and varactor diodes, controls $C_L$ in the parallel resonant circuit, while the second structure(type 2) composed of fixed DGS, shunt stub and diode adjusts $C_R$ in the series resonant circuit. The dual band frequency points which correspond to the meaningful electrical length of +/-90 degree in the RH/LH region are adjustable according to the bias voltage. The measurement shows that the LH frequency point which has -90 degree of electrical length are adjusted over $4.22{\sim}5.39\;GHz$ and $4.21{\sim}5.05\;GHz$ for type 1 and type 2, respectively, under $1{\sim}12\;V$ of bias voltage. In addition, the frequency Woo where RH turns over LH is controled over $3.26{\sim}4.22\;GHz$ for type 2 with the same bias condition.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

Statement of problems: The concept of CR has also changed continuously.?In order to find out the factors that affect the centric slide, studies were carried out to compare the forms of wisdom teeth eruption, lateral movement, premature contact in CR, and anterior movement. Research and statistical methods were based on the report by the 1980 Korean dental association. Material and method: In our study, 403 dentists in their twenties and dentistry students who could understand CR and CO (and who did not receive occlusal, orthodontic treatment, without extreme caries and large prosthodontic care) were compared with the 25 year old results. A segment of line parallel to the upper incisor was marked on the lower incisor. When seen laterally, a line perpendicular to the occlusal plane was drawn on the foremost area of the upper incisor. This line was extended to the lower incisor and the two points (points at the lower and upper incisors) were used as reference points for the CO. After guiding the occlusion to the CR, two lines were marked by using the same method that was used for the CO. The point in which these lines meet became the reference point of CR occlusion Results and conclusions: Results of the experiment completed in 1980 show that all 307 research members had anterior-posterior and upper-lower displacement. Displacement measurements were $0.7{\pm}0.4mm$ for the anterior-posterior displacement, $0.99{\pm}0.50mm$ for the upper-lower displacement,0.18{\pm}0.31 mm for the lateral displacement, and $1.32{\pm}0.67mm$ for the total displacement. Results of the 2006 experiment show that all 409 research members had anterior-posterior and upper-lower displacement. The anterior-posterior displacement was $1.12{\pm}0.86mm$, the upper-lower displacement was $1.02{\pm}0.71mm$, the lateral displacement was $0.61{\pm}0.56mm$, and the total displacement was $1.80{\pm}0.99mm$. No specific differences were found between each group when comparing displacement according to the forms of wisdom teeth eruption. Since 1980, the percentage of unerupted teeth has increased from 35.16% (111/307 people) to 57.5% (236/409 people). Westernization of the Korean cranial form and intraoral structure has brought about these results. In our experiment, 26.7% (109/409 people) of the subjects were cuspid guided, while 7.3% (30/409 people) were mutually guided. No specific differences were found in the amount of displacement between the two groups. Only the subjects with anteriors coming in contact made up the largest percentage group (42.3%, 173/409 people) in our study. No specific differences were found between each group.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.261-276
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• 2010

The analysis of an art trend in the principle dimension starts by observing the object of work in the perspective of formative composition and recognizing it as a universal system. It can be said that it is consistent with an interpretation method for a form theory of formal history by Heinrich W$\ddot{o}$lfflin, a leading form critic in art criticism. Hence, the purpose of this study was to find out what are the formative principles in Renaissance Classicism as a design principle to be applicable to modern fashion by reviewing the formative characteristics of Renaissance Classicism Architecture with which W$\ddot{o}$lfflin directly dealt. As for the theoretical literature review, I used W$\ddot{o}$lfflin's theoretical framework and looked at the Renaissance Classicism Architecture that he studied and examined the possibility of utilizing his theory as a layout principle and the characteristics. As for analysis of design cases, I applied the aforementioned architecture layout principle to modern fashion and conducted case study analysis to delve into distinctive layout principles found in fashion. The study showed that the Renaissance Classicism Architectural Style is marked by linearity, planarity, closing and multiple unity: linearity was expressed in the observation form in fixed frontal view and an emphasis on a tangible silhouette homeogenous and definite line structures; planarity was achieved in the form of paralleled layers of frontal view element, planarity style, and identical and proportional repetition of various sizes.; closing signified the pursuit of complete and clear regularity, and architecture developed in a constructive phase through organizational inevitability and absolute invariability.; multiple unity was expressed in self-completedness and independent parallel of discrete forms and harmony of emphasized individual elements in a totality. Applying these layout characteristics of the Renaissance Classicism Architectural style and to see their individual expressive features, I found out that in adopting layout principles of the Renaissance Classicism Architecture to modern fashion, it turned out to be an emphasis of individual silhouettes, a flattened space, completed objects, organic harmony among independent parts: the emphasis of individual silhouettes was expressed in individual definitiveness of formative lines of clothes in accordance with body joints and an emphasis on formative lines of clothes; the flattened space was marked by single layer structure, planarity of elements of clothes, and listing arrangement by appropriate proportion.; the completedness of the objects was expressed by the stationary state where overall image is fixed, the construction of homogeneous and complete space, and absolute inevitability of internal layout in proportion; lastly, organic harmony of independent parts was stressed in independent completedness of each detail, and organic harmony of the whole. The expressive features would lead to a unique expression style of linear emphasis, proportion, constructive forms, and two-dimensional arrangement. The meaning of this study is follows: The characteristics of art school of thought are given shape by appling & analysing the architectural layout principles of historical art school of thought to modern fashion in the view point of formal construction dimension. The applied possibility of historical art school of thought as the source of inspiration about the fashion design is extended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.769-781
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• 1997

The purpose of this research is to show how to use the patternist's CAD system in order to make design patterns efficiantly. Using the PAD System Technologies company's PAD System Module, which is very officiant in designing patterns, the basic pattern or design pattern can be designed and applyed to the Sample Module, thus, then it could manufacture, retouch or choose a model, making it posible to go to the next level which is seam patterns for industrial use. By understanding the change of the design that is chosen through the design pattern making and Sample Module process', this study is presentated a plan on how to utilize the patternist's working adaption ability by the CAD system, and also considered the problems in using it. Ability of Design Confrontation of CAD System: 1) The result of an operation can be saved and retouched. On a saved list the patterns can be chosen and changed, thus, making it posible to complete a design very quickly. 2) When sewing every designed pattern in Sample Module, the model can be operated merely by selecting each sewing position, thus creating the same effect of a designer's muslin sample process in a much lesser time. Point at issue in the utilization CAD system: 1) When combining two darts into one place the amounts of darts that are already these have to be erasers, and then, the two darts points are moved that place, thus, containing them, which is very conplicated. 2) When making a gathering, because system can only be recognized in a opend line, the pattern should be separated in order to put a gathering inside a pattern. 3) In order to readjust the amounte of dart. The dart is erased first and then made new dart again. 4) When making tucks in a Sample Module, the form that gets narrow towards the pivot point can not be recognized so the sewing lines of the tucks is adjusted into parallel lines. 5) The Sample Module 3D operation can not attach the bodice to the shirts, instead they become fixed into each other. In the case of shoulder line tucks the amounts of pleats can not be expanded draperary naturally, thus, making it hard to showing the silhouette accurately. If these problems are solved, especially if the silhouette of a model can be created to have natural drapery in the 3D Module, models can be shown on the screen in possible to compare and examine even a change of a detail, by designing this 3D Module Production sample process will be more effective, thus, making the CAD system more useful in sewing design process.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2019

Using two or more coaxial lines, if one port is connected in series and the other port is connected in parallel, it can be implemented the wideband transmission line transformer(TLT). Because the wideband TLT utilizes the outer conductor of the coaxial line, it is difficult to predict the characteristics. In this paper, based on the analysis for the transfer characteristic(S21) according to the loss of the each line in ${\lambda}/4$-microstrip line TLT, the operating characteristic of the fabricated wideband 4:1 TLT using two $25{\Omega}$-coaxial lines is investigated. The fabricated wideband TLT shows the notch characteristic in which the transfer signal sharply decreases at ${\lambda}/4$ frequency of the coaxial line and has a value within -0.2dB of the transfer characteristic(S21) in $0.06{\sim}0.2{\lambda}$ frequency range of the coaxial line. This transfer characteristics(S21) can change the operating frequency range slightly and set the optimum transfer characteristic(S21) at the desired frequency by changing the length of the microstrip line.