• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.165-178
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• 1998

The purpose of this explanatory study was to provide baseline information on the secondary prevention health behavior of cervical cancer in Korea which was related to the utilization of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screening test. The secondary data from the 1992 Korean Health Behavior Survey was used for analysis in order to determine sociodemographic profiles and the predictor variables. The sample analyzed for this study contained 1,489 Korean women residing in Korea aged 20-59 selected by multi-stage sampling method from the 1990 Korean census. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analysis were performed to produce the findings of this study. Only 27.9% of the study sample had had a Pap test in 1992. It was found that the relative sociodemographic profiles of the Pap test between users and non-users were distinctive. The predictors variables were age, marital status, educational status, usual source of care, perceived household economic status, health check-up, and presence of chronic diseases

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate Korean version of the beliefs about Papanicolau (Pap) test and cervical cancer [CPC-28] in unmarried university students. Methods: The Korean version of CPC-28 (K-CPC-28) was developed through forward-backward translation techniques. A reliability, confirmatory factor analysis and correlations coefficients were evaluated. Data were collected from 303 unmarried female students attending university using a questionnaire that included28 items of CPC, 5 items of susceptibility of cervicalcancer and 8 items of HPV knowledge. Results: K-CPC-28 had reliable internal consistency with Cronbach's ${\alpha}$=.74 of six subscales ranged from .66 to .80. Factor loadings of the 28 items of subscales ranged from .31 to .86. Six factors in this study explained 55% of the total variance. In convergent validity of the K-CPC-28, the subscales of K-CPC-28 were significantly correlated with susceptibility scale of cervical cancer and HPV knowledge scale. Conclusion: K-CPC-28has satisfactory construct validity and reliability. It seems to be an acceptable tool to assess the attitudes toward cervical cancer prevention and Pap smear in unmarried women. This tool would be also applicable to screen the risk group in cervical cancer prevention and to identify its association with actual Pap test or cervical cancer prevention behaviors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.599-602
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of cytohistologic discrepancy of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in Pap smears and associated factors. Methods: Medical records of 223 women with HSIL Pap smears who were treated at Thammasat University Hospital were reviewed. Data on age, parity, menopausal status, contraceptive use and colposcopic directed biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) pathology results were recorded. Results: Mean (SD) age of patients was 38.0 (9.4) years. The majority were premenopausal (86.5%) and multiparous (83.9%). Cytohistologic discrepancy between the Pap test and colposcopic-directed biopsy histology was 45.7% and that between the Pap test and LEEP histology was 29.5%. Fifty-four (24.2%) women had no high-grade CIN on both colposcopic directed biopsy and LEEP. Nulliparity, postmenopausal status and having no oral contraceptive pills use were factors associated with cytohistologic discrepancy. Conclusion: The exact cytohistologic discrepancy rate was relatively high (24.2%). Factors associated with cytohistologic discrepancy were nulliparity and postmenopausal status and having no oral contraceptive pill use.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.129-137
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• 1998

Although the success of the Papanicolaou test as a screening tool of cervical cancer is evident, there still exists $2{\sim}5%$ of discrepancy rate by both human and machine. To improve the qualilty of cervico-vaginal cytology, the authors compared cervicovaginal smear with cervical biopsy diagnoses, and analysed the causes of discrepancies. Among 30,922 cervicovaginal smears from June 1996 to April 1997 at our hospital, there were 271 cases of cervicovaginal smear with subsequent cervical punch or LEEP cone biopsies within several months. The biopsies and smears from a total of 98 discordant cases were reviewed. The discrepancy was attributed to sampling errors in 43 cases(43.9%), and to cytologic diagnosis in 49 cases(50.0%). Among these, 43 cases were interpretative errors(categories A;19, B;16 and C;8) whereas six cases were screening errors(categories B:2 and C:4). Among cervical biopsy cases, errors were present in four. As for 10% random rescreening, cytotechnologists reviewed 3,196 of 30,922 smears during the same period, There were 43 cases of screening error(categories A;27, B;16). Cytologic/histologic correlation was superior to 10% random rescreening of negative cases. The most effective method for quality improvement in cervicovaginal cytology was to implement both quality control(rescreening) and qualify assurance(cytologic/histologic correlation) programs.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.169-180
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• 1999

우리 나라 여성암 중에서 가장 높은 발생률을 보이고 있는 자궁경부암의 선별 검사로서 자궁경부 확대 촬영술의 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 1998년 3월 1일부터 1999년 10월 31일 사이에 자궁암 검진 목적으로 자궁경부 확대 촬영을 시행한 482명의 여성 중에서 310명을 대상으로 한 연구에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 대상 환자의 평균 산과력은 임신 4.4회, 분만 2.6회, 유산 1.9회였고 검진의 목적은 정기 검진이 164명으로 가장 많았다. 연령별로는 35-39세 군이 가장 많았고 다음으로 40-44세군, 45-49세군의 순이었으며 마지막 세포진 검사와의 검진 간격은 평균 17.1개월이었고 지금까지 한 번도 검사를 받지 않았던 여성은 64명이었다. 310명의 여성 중 정상으로 판단된 254명을 제외한 56명에서 질확대경 조준 하 생검을 시행하였으며 생검 소견은 만성 자궁경부염 26례, 경증 이형증 4례, 중등도 이형증 6례, 중증 이형증 2례, 자궁경부 상피내암 14례 및 침윤암 4례였다. 세포진 검사 결과와 자궁 경부 확대 촬영술의 결과는 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 세포진 검사 결과가 LSIL 이상일 때를 비정상으로 판정했을 때의 민감도와 특이도는 각각 86.7% 및 76.9%였고, 양성 예측률과 음성 예측률은 각각 81.3% 및 83.3%였으며 위양성률과 위음성률은 각각 23.1%와 13.3%였다. 자궁 경부 확대 촬영에서 의증(S2) 이상일 때를 비정상으로 판정했을 때 민감도와 특이도는 각각 56.7% 및 96.2%였고, 양성 예측률과 음성 예측률은 각각 94.4% 및 65.8%였으며 위양성률과 위음성률은 각각 3.8%와 43.3%였다. 자궁경부 확대 촬영술의 민감도는 세포진 검사에 비해 매우 낮았으나 특이도는 훨씬 높았고 서로 보완관계가 있음을 나타내었다. 또 자궁경부 확대 촬영술에서 위음성률이 높았으나 위양성률은 낮은 결과를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과 자궁 경부 확대 촬영은 단독으로 선별검사에 사용하는 것보다는 세포진 검사와의 상호 보완적인 방법으로 사용되어야 할 것으로 생각되었고 세포진 검사의 단점을 보완하는 자궁경부암의 집단 검진 방법으로 가능성이 높을 것으로 예상되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.511-514
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• 2013

Background: A small but significant proportion of cases with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) may harbour CIN 2-3, or even invasive carcinoma. Although immediate colposcopy, HPV-DNA testing or expectant management are three recommended options in ASCUS triage, a consensus does not currently exist on which one of these approaches is the most efficient. In this study, we aimed to compare the performance and cost of immediate colposcopy and colposcopy based on the human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for detecting histologically confirmed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women with ASCUS. Materials and Methods: Records of 594 women with an index Papanicolaou smear showing ASCUS were retrospectively analyzed. Women in the immediate colposcopy arm were referred directly to colposcopy (immediate colposcopy group, n=255) and those in the HPV triage arm were proceeded to colposcopy if the high-risk HPV (hrHPV) test was positive (HPV triage group, n=339). High grade CIN (CIN2+) detection rate and treatment costs were compared between the groups. Results: The detected rate of CIN2+ was higher in the HPV triage group compared to immediate colposcopy group (8% vs. 1.6%, p=0.011). In the HPV triage group, the total cost, cost per patient, and the cost for detecting one case of high grade CIN were higher than the immediate colposcopy group (p<0.001). Conclusions: In women with ASCUS cytology, HPV DNA testing followed by colposcopy is more costly than immediate colposcopy, but this approach is associated with a higher rate of CIN2+ detection. This findings suggest that HPV DNA testing combined with cervical cytology could reduce the referral rate to colposcopy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.5519-5525
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Thai women after breast cancer. Currently, the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is the recommended procedure for cervical cancer screening in Thailand, but only a relatively small percentage of women follow this screening program. An alternative method to detect HPV genotypes associated with cervical cancer is self-sampling of urine, which is a more widely accepted method. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV in Thai women using urine and cervical swabs and prevalence of HPV in Thai men using urine samples. Materials and Methods: Tumorigenic HPV detection was accomplished by electrochemical DNA chip and PCR/direct sequencing. In addition to HPV prevalence, we report the concordance between different methods and sample types. One-hundred and sixteen women and 100 men were recruited. Histological examination revealed normal cytology in 52 women, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 9, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 24, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in 31. One-hundred men were classified as heterosexuals (n=45) and homosexuals (n=55). Results: The most prevalent HPV genotype in our study was HPV16. The HPV detection rate was generally lower in urine samples compared with cervical samples. Overall, there was good agreement for the detection of carcinogenic HPV from female cervical samples between the DNA chip and PCR/sequencing, with 88.8% total agreement and a kappa value of 0.76. In male urine samples, the level of agreement was higher in heterosexuals compared with homosexuals. Conclusions: Further improvement is required to increase an overall yield of HPV DNA detection in urine samples before clinical application of a urine-based HPV screening program. The electrochemical DNA chip test is a promising technique for carcinogenic HPV detection.