• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2021

Microglial priming is the process of microglial proliferation and activation in response to neurodegeneration and abnormal protein accumulation. Priming makes microglia susceptible to secondary inflammatory stimuli and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses. In the present study, we established a microglial priming model in mice by administering a single injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg). MPTP induced microglial activation without dopaminergic degeneration; however, subsequent treatment with a sub-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced an amplified inflammatory response and caused nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. These pathological and inflammatory changes, including microglial activation and dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra (SN) area were reversed by papaverine (PAP) administration. In addition, MPTP/LPS enhanced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and processing via nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in the SN region of mice. However, PAP treatment suppressed inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β maturation. Moreover, PAP inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhanced cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activity in the SN of MPTP/LPS mice. These results suggest that PAP inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by modulating NF-κB and CREB signaling pathways, which results in reduced microglial activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, PAP may be a potential candidate for the treatment of Parkinsons's disease, which is aggravated by systemic inflammation.

• 대한세포병리학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2003

The incidence of cervical cancer has been gradually decreased since 1990, now it ranks the fourth most common carcinoma among Korean women in 2001. If squamous cell carcinomas in situ are included, the cervical cancer is still the most frequent tumor in Korean women. However, cervical cancer mortality in Korea has been decreased over the last 10 years in large part attributable to the introduction of the Papanicolaou test (Pap. test). The guidelines for the early detection of cervical cancer recommend women aged 30 and more to lake biennial screening with Pap. lest. According to the screening data of National Health Insurance Corporation (NHIC), 4,425 women (0.94%) showed an abnormal Pap among 473,395 cases tested in 2001; dysplasia was in 3,953 (0.84%) women, in situ carcinoma in 357 (0.075%) women, and invasive carcinoma in 115 (0.024%) women. The detection rates of abnormal Pap. were 4.21% in Korean Society for Cytopathology(KSC-2001), 1.37% (ASCUS : 0.26%, AGUS : 0.03%, LSIL : 0.45%, HSIL : 0.55%, Carcinoma 0.09%) in health check-up and 5.41% (ASCUS : 1.89%, AGUS . : 0.69%, LSIL : 1.39%, HSIL : 0.84%, Carcinoma : 0.64%) of patients in out-patient clinic without having history of cervical neoplasia at Hanyang University Hospital in 2002 Low rate of cervical cancer screening (34%) in Korea is mainly due to the lack of information for the Row income people regarding national cancer screening program. More adenuate budget by government and more man-power for precise screening, new guideline and system for management of the cervical cancer patients are required.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.79-92
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• 2008

연구목적: 3년마다 정기적인 자궁경부암 조기검진을 받도록 권고하고 있는 수검권고안은 검진행동 유발요인으로써 자궁경부암 검진참여의 가능성을 증진시키는 주요 영향요인으로 작용하고 있다. 본 연구는 보건의료 접근성과 보건의료인의 특성이 자궁경부암 조기검진 수검권고에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 시도되었다. 연구방법: 본 연구에서 재분석된 한인여성 건강조사자료는 미국 캘리포니아주 알라메다와 산타클라라 카운티에 거주하는 한인여성 865명을 대상으로 2002년에 전화설문조사로 수행되었다. 수검권고안에 영향을 미치는 주요 예측인자를 살펴보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 연구결과: 조사대상자 중 37.9%만이 지난 3년간 자궁경부암 조기검진 참여에 관한 수검권고를 받은 것으로 나타났다. 수검권고의 주요 예측인자는 건강보험 가입여부, 지난 1년간의 의사방문횟수, 정기적으로 방문하는 보건의료인의 특성인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 보건의료 접근성에서는 공공의료보험 또는 사보험 여부와 관계없이 건강보험에 가입한 여성들이 수검권고를 더 많이 받은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 보건의료인의 특성 중 인종과의 관련성을 살펴보면, 한인이 아닌 타 인종의 여성 의사로부터 가장 많이 검진참여에 관한 수검권고를 받았고(OR=6.21, 95% CI=2.63, 14.66), 다음으로 한인 남성 의사(OR=2.19, 95% CI=1.30, 3.68), 비한인 남성 의사로부터 수검권고를많이 받았다(OR=2.07, 95% CI=1.15, 3.71). 결론: 캘리포니아주의 2개 카운티에서 거주하는 한인여성을 대상으로 보건의료 접근성과 보건의료인의 특성이 자궁경부암 조기검진 수검권고에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 한인여성들의 건강보험 가입여부 및 의사방문 수준, 보건의료인의 인종이 수검권고와 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 한인여성들의 자궁경부암 조기검진 수검률 향상 및 자궁경부암 이환률과 사망률을 감소시키기 위한 수행전략 개발에 중요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.305-310
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• 2014

본 연구는 20세 이상 여성들의 Pap 도말검사를 통한 자궁암 검진 수용도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 규명하기 위해 시도하였다. 이를 위해 2013년 4월 22일부터 5월 24일까지 건강검진센터에 내원한 검진자들 192명을 대상으로 설문 및 면접조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 종교가 없는 집단에서 비검진 수용군이 45.8%로 검진 수용군의 32.3%보다 유의하게 높은 분포를 보였다($X^2=4.82$, p<.05). 둘째, 모유수유를 하는 집단의 비검진 수용군이 61.5%로 검진 수용군의 46.9%보다 유의하게 높은 분포를 하였다($X^2=0.61$, p<.05). 셋째, 타검진력은 검진을 하는 군이 검진을 하지 않는 수용군보다 4.62배 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(95% Cl=1.15-9.84, P=0.006). 본 연구결과를 토대로 자궁암 Pap 도말검사 수용도에 일반인들의 부정적인 태도를 변화시킬 수 있는 더 많은 자궁암 검진 정보를 제공하는 것이 필요하다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.82-92
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• 2005

Objective : To evaluate the relationships among sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, levels of pros and cons and stages of change in Pap testing for uterine cervical cancer. Methods : A questionnaire survey was performed on 560 randomly sampled people who were assigned to participate in a Pap testing program by the National Cancer Screening Project in 2003' between 25 September and 10 October in Gyeonggi, Korea. Data about the behaviors and intentions of Pap testing, sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and levels of acknowledged benefit (pros) and barrier (cons) for Pap testing was collected. The stages of change were grouped according to behaviors and intentions of Pap testing as passive, active, and relapse. Results : Logistic analysis between the passive and active groups showed that city dwellers, 'high' and 'middle' groups in terms of the individual s health belief, those who had undergone a health examination within the past 2 years, and those who had undergone hormone replacement therapy had a higher odds ratios to be in the active group. As the 'benefit' scores increased and the 'Unnecessity' scores decreased, the probabilities to be in the active group increased. According to the logistic analysis results between the active and relapse groups, those who were 60 years or older, members of the National Heath Insurance, and those who had not undergone a health examination within the past 2 years had a higher odds ratio to be in the relapse group. The 'Benefit' scores were not significant in this relationship. The probabilities of being in the relapse group increased as the Unnecessity and 'Shamefulness' scores increased. Conclusions : In conclusion, health planners should inform women in the passive group of the benefits and necessity of Pap testing. It would be better to reduce the barriers to the active group of undergoing Pap smear. This study might be a useful guide for future planning of Pap testing program.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.297-302
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• 2011

조류병원성 대장균 (APEC)은 가금에서 많은 장관외 질병을 야기한다. 병원성 인자 중 하나인 P-fimbriae 또한 질병과 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 이번 연구에서 마우스에 P-fimbriae의 subunit 들인 PapA와 PapG를 발현하는 재조합 약독화 Salmonella Typhimurium 백신균주 접종 후 APEC 방어에 필요한 면역반응 유도 여부를 알아보기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 각 백신 균주로 경구 접종 후 각 항원에 대한 serum IgG 항체 역가는 접종 후 4주째부터 대조군에 비해 항체 역가가 높게 유도되기 시작하여 실험이 끝날 때까지 높은 항체 역가가 계속 유지 되었다. 한번 접종 된 경우보다 추가 접종 된 군에서 보다 높은 항체 역가가 관찰되었다. 더불어 각 항원에 대한 mucosal IgA 역가 또한 높게 유도되었다. 두 균주를 혼합하여 접종 하였을 경우에는 각 백신 균주를 접종하였을 경우보다 높은 serum IgG와 mucosal IgA의 역가가 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 이들 백신 균주가 면역원성이 있음을 확인하는 결과였다. 또한 helper T cells type을 알아보기 위해 IgG1과 IgG2a의 항체 역가를 측정하여 본 결과 각 백신 균주를 접종하였을 경우에는 IgG2a의 항체 역가가 IgG1의 항체 역가 보다 월등히 높은 이들 백신 균주를 접종 하였을 경우에는 Th1-type의 면역 반응이 유도되지만 두 백신 균주를 혼합 접종하였을 경우에는 Th1-과 Th2-type 모두를 유도하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이 결과를 통해서 이들 두 백신 균주를 혼합 접종 하였을 경우에는 세포성 면역뿐만 아니라 체액성 면역 모두를 유도할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 1997

수세미외 그물 섬유를 크라프트법, 알카리 아황산법, 아황산법, 알카리 과산화 수소법과 소오다법으로 펄프화하고, 안트라퀴논의 첨가와 미첨가 조건으로 구분하여 증해하였다. 이들의 고해와 미고해분에 대하여 주사 전자현미경(SEM), 섬유 품질 분석기(FQA), 섬유길이 분류기(Clark 4-Screen Classifier), 화상 분석기(Image Analyzer)를 이용하여 특성과 섬유의 구조를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 수세미의 섬유의 증해후 해섬 가능 기준의 Pulping 조건은 KP계($160^{\circ}C$, 2시간), ASP계($155^{\circ}C$, 4시간), PAP계($160^{\circ}C$, 1시간)에서 Kappa값이 각각 12, 25, 10 수준으로 비교적 낮은 Total Alkali(약 20%) 조건에서 적정 증해가 가능했다. 2) 각 펄프화별 펄프의 총 증해수율은 KP 50~55, ASP계 60~70, PAP계 45~50%로 SP계의 수율은 매우 높고, KP나 PAP는 일반 비목재나 목재와 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다. 3)NaOH의 투입량의 증가는 해섬능을 촉진하고, 섬유길이, Curl, Kink Index 등에서 품질의 형태 변화를 보였다. 4) 수세미외 섬유의 펄프화 공정에서 AQ첨가는 탈리그닌 촉진으로 해섬능이 현격하게 향상되고 섬유의 산화 분해를 방지하며, 고해 속도 상승과 피브릴화를 촉진하였다. 5) ASP계는 KP나 PAP보다 Bulk density가 높고, 섬유간 결합이 치밀하고, 섬유의 세포 손상이 감소되었다. 6) 수세미외 섬유는 "C" Stain에 의한 정색 반응으로 청색 또는 청회색의 맑고 투명한 세포벽을 갖는 정색 특성을 나타냈다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3455-3460
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• 2012

Objectives: To report the prevalence of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesions and to determine the possible association of Pap test results with high-risk human papillomavirus and high squamous intraepithelial lesions in women from Duhok, Iraq. Design: A prospective, observational study was conducted between January 2005 and December 2011. Overall, 596 women with a cervicovaginal Pap test showing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and 93 atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesion for whom pathologic follow-up was available were studied. Follow-up consisted of repeat cytology, colposcopy and histology. High risk human papillomavirus DNA testing was performed on exfoliated cervical cells from 106 women, using conventional PCR after at least 36 months from the initial Pap smear. Results: Significantly high proportions of both atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (87.9%) and atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesion (62.4%) demonstrated no significant lesion on subsequent follow up. Low squamous intraepithelial lesions were observed in 1.7% of cases of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and in 5.4% of atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesion. High squamous intraepithelial lesion was demonstrated in 0.8% and 16.1% respectively. In the latter there was also one case of invasive carcinoma. High-risk HPV DNA was demonstrated in 40% of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and 57.1% of atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesions. Conclusions: Since both atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and atypical squamous cells-cannot exclude high squamous intraepithelial lesion identify patients who are at an increased risk for the development of high squamous intraepithelial lesions and a considerable percentage harbor high risk-HPV, both should be retained as diagnostic categories and patients warrant a diligent follow up and testing for high risk-HPV DNA. Colposcopic evaluation and biopsy, when indicated, are a must.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2149-2152
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• 2012

Objective: This study was performed to assess prostate biomarkers with reference to body mass index and duration of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A hospital based retrospective study was undertaken using data retrieved from the register maintained in the Department of Biochemistry of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal between $1^{st}$ January, 2009 and $28^{th}$ February, 2012. Biomarkers studied were prostate specific antigen (PSA), acid phosphatase (ACP) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (${\gamma}GT$). Demographic data including age, duration of disease, body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were also collected. Duration of disease was categorized into three groups: <1 year, 1-2years and >2 years. Similarly, BMI ($kg/m^2$) was categorized into three groups: <23 $kg/m^2$, 23-25 $kg/m^2$ and >25 $kg/m^2$. Descriptive statistics and testing of hypothesis were used for the analysis using EPI INFO and SPSS 16 software. Results: Out of 57 prostate cancers, serum level of PSA, ACP and PAP were increased above the cut-off point in 50 (87.5%), 30 (52.63%) and 40 (70.18%) respectively. Serum levels of PSA, ACP and PAP significantly declined with the duration of disease after diagnosis. We observed significant and inverse relation between PSA and BMI. Similar non-signficiant tendencies were apparent for ACP and PAP. Conclusions: Decreasing levels of prostate biomarkers were found with the duration of prostate cancer and with increased BMI. Out of prostate biomarkers, PSA was found to be significantly decreased with the duration of disease and BMI.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8209-8213
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• 2014

Background: Cervical cancer is a common, preventable and manageable disease in women worldwide. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the cost of follow-up for suspicious precancerous cervical lesions within a screening program using Pap smear or HPV DNA test through the decision tree. Materials and Methods: Patient follow-up processes were determined using standard guidelines and consultation with specialists to design a decision tree model. Costs of treatment in both public and private sectors were identified according to the national tariffs in 2010 and determined based on decision tree and provided services (visits to specialists, colposcopy, and conization) with two modalities: Pap smear and HPV DNA test. The number of patients and the mean cost of treatment in each sector were calculated. The prevalence of lesions and HPV were obtained from literature to estimate the cost of treatment for each woman in the population. Results: Follow-up costs were determined using seven processes for Pap smear and 11 processes for HPV DNA test. The total cost of using Pap smear and HPV DNA process for each woman in the population was 36.1$ and 174$ respectively. Conclusions: The follow-up process for patients with suspicious cervical lesions needs to be included in the existing screening program. HPV DNA test is currently more expensive than Pap smear, it is suggested that we manage precancerous cervical lesions with this latter test.