• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1996

This paper gives a description about the germination inhibition of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed coat. The existence of seed coat is one of the inhibitory factors which inhibit the embryo growth, particularly during the morphological after-ripening stage. The seed coat can obstruct the water absorption at the beginning of seed stratification, but it can not threaten seed germination. The inhibition of seed coat is not caused by the mechanical fetter neither. However, before splitting the seed coat, the inhibition of seed coat comes from both air-tight character and inhibitors, and after splitting the seed coat, the inhibition may come mainly from the inhibitors.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 2019

Background: The structural conversions in ginsenosides induced by steaming or heating or acidic condition could improve red ginseng bioactivities significantly. In this paper, the chemical transformations of red American ginseng from fresh Panax quinquefolium L. under steaming were investigated, and the possible mechanisms were discussed. Methods: A method with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry ($HPLC-MS^n$)-equipped electrospray ionization ion source was developed for structural analysis and quantitation of ginsenosides in dried and red American ginseng. Results: In total, 59 ginsenosides of protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, oleanane, and ocotillol types were identified in American ginseng before and after steaming process by matching the molecular weight and/or comparing $MS^n$ fragmentation with that of standards and/or known published compounds, and some of them were determined to be disappeared or newly generated under different steaming time and temperature. The specific fragments of each aglycone-type ginsenosides were determined as well as aglycone hydrated and dehydrated ones. The mechanisms were deduced as hydrolysis, hydration, dehydration, and isomerization of neutral and acidic ginsenosides. Furthermore, the relative peak areas of detected compounds were calculated based on peak areas ratio. Conclusion: The multicomponent assessment of American ginseng was conducted by $HPLC-MS^n$. The result is expected to provide possibility for holistic evaluation of the processing procedures of red American ginseng and a scientific basis for the usage of American ginseng in prescription.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 1997

Stratified American ginseng(Panax quinquefoilium L.) seeds were planted in a shaded greenhouse at four depths and in four different soil types to observe effects on emergence rate and root size. Seeding depth affected seedling emergence rates and the number of days required to complete emergence. The shape of the roots was affected by the texture of soil, especially percentage of sand.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 1988

Correlations between various morphological characteristics of Panax quinquefolium plants grown in Lytton, British Columbia, Canada were assessed for 1-through 4-year old plants. Root dry weight, the dependent variable, was found to be strongly related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and root length for 1-and 2-year old plants during the middle of the growing season. For 1- and 2-year old plants at the end of the growing season, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and stem dry weight. For 3 and 4-year old plants, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight, leaf length and stem dry weight. For 3- and 4-year old plants, root dry weight was found to be related to leaf dry weight. For practical considerations, this latter relationship provides a simple method for selecting superior plants from which seed can be harvested.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.171-174
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• 1995

Freshly harvested American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seeds were stratified at two locations over each of three years. Seed development and temperature in the stratification boxes were investigated until the seed was removed 12 months later and direct-seeded in the field. During stratification and seeding (14 months) three embryo stages were identified. In Stage I of 250 days (Sept. to mid-May) embryo length increased from about 0.5 to 1.0 mm: in Stage II of 100 days (mid-May to late Aug. when seeded) length increased to 2.0 mm and in Stage III (late Aug. to late Nov.) length increased to 5.3 mm. Excerpt split width could also be placed in three stages. Changes in embryo length correlated with embryo endosperm length ratio. Insertion compression tests showed that the excerpt softened rapidly in late Stage II and throughout Stage III. The stratification box temperatures at all depths (10, 25 and 50 cm) never exceeded -2$^{\circ}C$ even when the air temperatures dropped to -13$^{\circ}C$ and were, therefore not damaging to the seeds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.76-79
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• 1986

Variation in the inflorescence of Oriental ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) have been placed in 6 groups; only 2 of these groups, a complete simple hemispherical terminal umbel, and a simple umbel with several branched pedicels below it on the peduncle were found in cultivated American ginseng. Apical peduncle reflexing and associated peduncles shortening were observed in a few plants.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.75-77
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• 2004

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in the world. It is indigenous to North America and was used by native North Americans long before the arrival of Europeans in the New World.(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.141-146
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• 1988

Dwarf ginseng (Panax trifolius L.) is a member of the ginseng family (Araliaceae). which is indigenous to North America and is distributed from Southern Canada to the Northern United States. In total. nine compounds were isolated from the leaves of Dwarf gineng. Of these. four were identified as flavonoids and five were found to be ginsenosides. Two of the flavonoids were identified to be kaempferol-3. 7-dirhamnoside and kaempferol-3-gluco-7-rhamnoside. Four of the ginsenosides were identified as notoginsenoside-Fe. ginsenoside-Rd. ginsenoside-Rc and $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ The common aglycone of these ginsenosides was shown to be (20S)-protopanaxadiol. The identification of flavonoids and ginsenosides from the root. stem. leaf. flower and fruit of Dwarf ginseng was detected by Two-Dimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography (2D-TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The quantitation of flavonoids and ginsenosides from the root. stem. leaf. flower and fruit of Dwarf ginseng and related species such as Korean gineng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) was analyzed by HPLC only. Three flavonoids (Kaempferol derivatives) labelled compound 1 $(10.8\%)$, compound 3 ($2.8\%$), and compound 4 ($8.4\%)$ were found in the root of Dwarf ginseng but not found in the roots of Korean ginseng and American ginseng. This is the first time that flavonoids have been found and identified in roots of the ginseng family (Araliaceae).

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.77-93
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• 1974

The sapogenins of two-and four-year-old A-merican ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) (Araliaceae) collected in July and September were studied. American ginseng saponins (panaquilins) differ from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) saponins (ginsenosides). The American ginseng saponins separated and named were panaquilins A, B, C, D, E-l, E-2, E-3, G-l, G-2, (c) and (d). One-dimensional thin-layer chromatography did not completely separate panaquilin mixture and were subject to misinterpretation. The panaquilins were more accurately separated and identified by the two-dimensional thin-layer method established. Some differences in American ginseng saponins were dependent upon the plant age, time of collection, and part extracted. The American ginseng sapogenin components are panxadiol (panaquilins B and C), oleanolic acid (panaquilin D) and panaxatriol (panaquilin G-l). The panaquilins E-l, E-2 and E-3 mixture contains both panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The genins of panaquilins A, (c), (d) and G-2 were not identified. In addition, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and stigmasterol were identified from the root ether extracts.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.95-100
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• 1974

The radioactive compound $squalene-H^3$ prepared from peas (Pisum sativum L.) with 5H -mevalonic acid was administered to two- and four-year-old American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) Plants and cuttings in September. The $squalene-H^3$ uptake was low $(40\~86\%).$ $Squalene-H^3$ was not incorporated into the panaquilin sapogenin panaxadiol. This may be due to its poor solubility characteristics and plant absorption, or to the low specific activity. It is possible, but unknown, if any squalene was metabloized into the carbohydrate portion of the panaquilins.