• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-147
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• 1993

The amounts of ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) in red ginseng (Panax ginseng) were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, there is no difference in the GAP amount among root ages or sizes. Also, the GAP amount of red ginseng body was similar to that of ginseng rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1992

Polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphos-phate, pH 4.2. The polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly was found in cortex and combium but not in epidermis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 1993

The method for colorimetric determination of acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng was investigated. It is possible to apply the method of carbazole-sulfuric acid to determination of pectin, and also to measure the amount of pectin in the mixture of various high molemlu compounds such as starch. cellulose and gum, etc. When the method of carbazole-sulfuric acid was applied to determine the amount of acidic polysaccharide, optical density at 525 nm increased linearly with an increase in the concentration of pure acidic polysaccharide. Effective extraction temperature with water for the determination of the amount of ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) was $80{\circ}C$. In order to separate or concentrate GAP it was appropriate to precipitate the extract only once with 80% ethyl alcohol. GAP was very stable at $100{\circ}C$ for 4 hrs in aqueous solution and between pH values of 5.0~ 12.0.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 1992

Total polysaccharide contents in Panax ginseng roots were evaluated by a spectrophotometry, utilizing the complex formation of ginseng polysaccharide with alcian blue dye in 50 mM ammonium biphosphate, pH 4.2. The total polysaccharide content in red ginseng was about three times higher than that in fresh ginseng when both were extracted with water, and was increased about two times when red ginseng was extracted with an alkaline solution. The determination of total polysaccharide in various parts of ginseng revealed that main roots contained the component more than fine roots. Fresh ginseng sections stained by the dye showed polysaccharide mainly found in cortex and cambium but not in epidermis. Pattern-analysis on total and acidic polysaccharides from fresh and red ginsengs exhibited that the chemical compositions of the polysaccharides extracted from both ginsengs quite differed from each other.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.324-330
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• 1998

We Previously reported that Polysaccharide Isolated from panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, stimulates murine splenocytes to proliferate and to be cytotoxic against a wide range of tumor cells in MHC non-restricted manner:) Therefore, we examined the cytokine mRNA expression induced by the ginseng polysaccharide in this paper. This study demonstrates that the ginseng polysaccharide stimulates Thl type cytosine expression such as IL-2 and IFNY, and macrophage type cytokine expression such as IL-lc and GM-CSF in a dose-dependent manner at different time: IL-2 mRNA was induced at 30 min, IL-la, GM-CSF mRNA at 3 hr, IFNY at 6 hr after the ginseng polysaccharide treatment. In contrast with these, Th2 type cytokine expression such as IL-4 and IL-5 was not induced. The generation of the ginseng polysaccharide-activated killer cells which was induced at the optimal doses of 50 pEyml was neutralized in the presence of anti-lL-2, anti-lFNy, anti-IL-l ${\alpha}$ antibodies, showing the importance of these cytokines produced by the ginseng polysaccharide. In flow cytometry analysis, the blastogenesis of IgM+ cells was induced on day 3 and the number of Thy 1.21 cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells was increased on day 5. The ginseng polysaccharide also induced blastogenesis of T cells. In conclusion, the ginseng polysaccharide may have considerable antitumor immunotherapeutic modality by stimulating the cytokine production from Thl cells and macrophage and by proliferating lymphocytes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 2001

We previously reported that acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng induced the proliferation lymphocytes and the generation of activated killer cells. Here we found that polysaccharide (PG-75) precipitated with 75% EtOH from water extract of Panax ginseng also has both in vitron and in vivo hematopoietic activities. In vitro studied with bone marrow cells from BALB/c mouse revealed that PG-75 had direct effect on hematopoietic colony-forming cell(CFC) growth, increased granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cell numbers by 1.59 fold over than non-treated. the ability of PG-75 to modulate hematopoiesis in vivo was evaluated the bone marrow and spleen celluarity, granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. BALB/c female mice were administered G-75 intraperitoneally, PG-75 was found to significantly increase the number of BM cells, spleen cells, GM-CFU on 3 hours after injection. PG-75 was also able to induce significant augmentation of GM-CSF and IFN-${\gamma}$, production in sera. These studies illustrate than PG-75 has hematopoietic activities and that this agent may be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of radio- or chemotherapy-associated myelosuppression.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 1995

Effect of ginseng polysaccharide fraction was examined for $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In $CCl_4$-injured primary cultured rat hepatocytes, treatment of the polysaccharide fraction (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/ml) significantly Inhibited the release of LDH and GOT into the culture medium in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of the polysaccharide fraction (100, 200 mg/kg) inhibited the decrease of body weight and the increase of the ratio of liver to body weight in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. Elevation of GOT, GPT and ALP activity in the serum by $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity was suppressed by administration of ginseng polysaccharide fraction. MDA levels increased in the serum as well as in the liver tissue by treatment with $CCl_4$ showed a tendency to be 연w in the rats given to the polysaccharide fraction. These results suggest that the polysaccharide fraction may be active substance responsible for antihepatotoxic effect of Panax ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.389-392
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• 1996

Crude polysaccharide fractions were isolated from white ginseng and red ginseng (Panax ginseng). The amount of crude polysaccharide fraction in red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng. The glucose contents of crude polysaccharide fraction isolated from white ginseng and red ginseng were determined as 95.1% and 89.9% by HPLC, respectively. Method of carbazole-sulfuric acid was applied to determine the amount of acidic polysaccharide in white ginseng and red ginseng. The amount of acidic polysaccharide in red ginseng was higher than that of white ginseng. Whereas, contents of minerals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg) in crude polysaccharide fraction from white ginseng were higher than those of crude Polysaccharide fraction from red ginseng.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.330-337
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• 1990

The crude polysaccharide from Panax ginseng prepared by hot water extration and precipiation with ethanol was further fractionated into neutral and acidic fractions by DEAE- cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The chemical compositions were 85.0% carbohydrorate and 15.0% protein for the neutral fraction, and 28.4% carbohydrate, 10.0% protein and 29.0% uronic acid for the acidic fraction. The acidic fraction was more effective in increasing of the ratio of spleen to body weight, the number of antibody secreting cells to SRBC and phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system, as well as antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 in ICR mice than the neutral fraction. All polysaccharide fractions were mitogenic to cultured spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice. However, FA was different from FN in the co-mitogenicities with lectin mitogens. Both crude and acidic fractions potentiated remarkably the mitogenic activity of PHA-P or LPS in dose-dependent manner but neutral fraction enhanced only that of LPS. Three polysaccharide fractions had no effect on that of Con A. These results suggest that the acidic fraction may stimulate B and Td cells as well as macrophages while the neutral fraction may simulate only B cells and macropages.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2010

It is well known that the numbers and functions of immune-associated cells are increased by saponins and polysaccharides in ginseng. In this study, the mixture of polysaccharide and saponin (MPS) from Panax ginseng is applied to LPS- activated RAW 264.7 cells. The production of NO and the gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ are decreased in LPSactivated RAW 264.7 cells and the expression of arginase II and PD-1L genes is decreased in LPS-untreated macrophages. Therefore, the mixture of saponin and polysaccharide from Panax ginseng could be used in order to regulate immune responses.