• Plant Resources
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.205-210
• /
• 2003

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial herbaceous plant which grows very slowly. It takes about 3 to 4 years from seeding to collecting the ripe seeds and the ginseng propagation is very difficult. and so, it is very difficult to breed ginseng plant. Ginseng tissue culture was started from at 1960, and ginseng commercial product by in vitro callus culture was saled, however upto now, regenerants were not planted to soil normally. Recently, plant genetic engineering to produce transgenic plants by introducing useful genes has been advanced greatly. In a present paper, transformation of ginseng plants was achieved by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium harboring the binary vector coding Proteinase-II gene, which confer resistant or tolerant to insect pests, The binary vector for transformation was constructed with disarmed Ti-plasmid and with double 35S promoter. The NPT II gene and introduced genes of the transgenic ginseng plants were successfully identified by the PCR. Especially the transgenic ginseng plants were regenerated using new techniques such as repetitive single somatic embryogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.183-191
• /
• 2022

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial plant and propagates by seeds, and those need after-ripening for germination. To be ready for climate change and to ensure a stable seed supply, the technique for storing seeds in short-term and long-term in large quantities is required. In this study, dehisced ginseng seeds from two locations, batch #1 and batch #2, were stored at -3.5℃ with different moisture content, and after 3, 15, and 27 months of storage, the percentage of radicle emergence and shoot emergence were measured. After 3 months, radicle emergence and shoot emergence were normal only when the seed moisture content was more than 35%, and overall, germination was higher in batch #2 than in batch #1. After 15 months, the partially dehydrated seeds, with a moisture content between 45 to 54%, showed the highest germination rates, and most of the undried seeds were spoiled and failed to germinate. Seeds with moisture content lower than 25% had poor germination, too. The partially dehydrated seeds also succeeded in germination and growth in the soil after 15 months of storage, but deteriorated after one more 1 year, too. In summary, ginseng seeds look like have temperate recalcitrant seed characteristics, and partial dehydration allows extension of seed longevity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 1987.06a
• /
• pp.68-69
• /
• 1987

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.59-63
• /
• 1988

Freshly harvested and depulped Korean ginseng seeds were subjected to the seed treatment of removing endocarp plus surface sterilization with sodium hypocloride, surface sterilization only, and nontreated control. These seeds were stratified at temperatures of 5$^{\circ}$, 10$^{\circ}$, 15$^{\circ}$ and 20$^{\circ}C$ for 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days. Embryo growth of the ginseng seeds of which endocarp was removed was most rapid in each stratification temperature and that of sterilized seeds was slower than unsterilized seeds after 80 days stratification at 15$^{\circ}$ and 20$^{\circ}C$. About 15$^{\circ}C$ was an optimal stratification temperature for embry growth in ginseng seeds. Chilling treatment at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 100 days was needed for better germination of dehisced ginseng seeds. An optimal germination temperature for the ginseng seed following chilling treatment was about 15$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.327-335
• /
• 1993

The active sites, intracellular transport, function of cellulase in association with the disintegration of the storage materials of the endosperm cells during seed maturation and after-ripening of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer seeds were studied by electron microscopy. Cytochemical activities of the cellulase occurred in protein bodies and vesicles of endosperm cells in seed with red seed coat. In after-ripening seed, the activities were strongly found in the cell wall of endosperm near the umbiliform layer and on neighbouring vesicles, so it is assumed that these cells begin to be decomposed. Cellulase activities were initiated before the decomposition of storage materials. But, no activity was observed in the umbiliform layer, so it is suggested that cellulase lose its activity after the completion of lysis process.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.469-474
• /
• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the effects of sowing density and number of seeds sown on the emergence rate and growth characters of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse. Ginseng seedlings, derived from seeds sown directly at different densities (90, 108, 135, and 162 seeds per $162m^2$), were cultivated in sandy loam soil within a blue plastic greenhouse. In contrast to the emergence rate, which decreased with an increase of sowing density, number of survival plant showed an increasing trend. Interestingly, the emergence and number of survival plant were significantly enhanced when 2 or 3 seeds were sown per hole compared with when one seed was sown per hole. Growth of the aerial parts of ginseng were not markedly influenced by sowing density or the number of seeds sown. However, chlorophyll content (SPAD values) increased with an increase in sowing density. Root parameters, such as root length, diameter, and weight, and the number of lateral roots decreased with an increase in sowing density, but were not noticeably influenced by the number of seeds sown. Total saponin content was the highest in the treatment plot containing 135 seeds. Similarly, the content of each ginsenoside was also tended to be higher in this treatment than in other treatment plots. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to determine the optimal sowing density and seed number for the direct sowing cultivation of ginseng in blue plastic greenhouse.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.262-266
• /
• 1983

Influence of fungi living on the endocarp surface of depulped seeds of Panax ginseng on the dehiscence was investigated with a fungicidal treatment of the seeds and sterilization of the sand at the beginning of stratification. 1. Isolation frequency of the fungi living on the endocarp surface of de-pulped seed was reduced and hardness of the endocarp did not change significantly in seed treated with a fungicide Captan wp. 50%. A significant negative correlation $(r=-0.984^**)$ was found between the frequency of fungi isolation and the hardness of the endocarp. 2. Increase of water content in the seed treated with the fungicide was delayed 20days compared to the untreated. 3. Growth of the embryo and dehiscence of the seed was suppressed by the fungicide treatment. The length of the embryo was inversely proportional to the hardness of the seed. It is suggested that the fungi facilitate the softening of the endocarp thereby enhancing the supply of oxygen and water necessary for the embryo development, therefore, accelerate the growing of embryo and cause the dehiscence.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.97 no.4
• /
• pp.357-362
• /
• 2008

We compared the morphological characters and stable isotopes of seeds of wild simulated ginseng with those of cultivated field ginseng. Seeds were collected from ten areas for wild simulated ginseng and two areas for cultivated field ginseng. The length, width, thickness and number of seeds per gram were measured and the ratio of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen was analysed as well. There was a overlapping variation of morphological characters and the ratio of stable isotope of the wild simulated ginseng among study areas. In Geumsan area, compared with the seed of cultivated field ginseng, the seed of wild simulated ginseng was significantly small and light, and the ${\delta}^{15}N$(‰) of wild simulated ginseng was lower than that of cultivated field ginseng. However, it is somewhat impossible to compare the regional variation of the unique value of ${\delta}^{15}N$(‰) among study areas of wild simulated ginseng. We can suggest the value of ${\delta}^{15}N$(‰) can be used as detection factor for cultivation regime like chemical fertilization and organic farming.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.670-678
• /
• 2016

We compared the germination rate of dehisced ginseng (Panax ginseng) seeds that were dried under two different conditions, slowly at $15^{\circ}C$ [relative humidity (RH) 10-12%] and rapidly under a laminar airflow cabinet at $25^{\circ}C$ (RH 22-25%). The measurements showed that drying rate and seed moisture content (SMC) play important roles in storage ability and vigor. The seeds that were dried rapidly at $25^{\circ}C$ showed high GR compared with the seeds that were dried at $15^{\circ}C$ after 6 and 12 months of storage at $-80^{\circ}C$ irrespective of MC. Seeds dried slowly at $15^{\circ}C$ with MC higher than 7.0% showed high GR maintenance after storage at $-18^{\circ}C$ and at $4^{\circ}C$ in comparison with rapidly dried seeds. However, the GR of the slowly desiccated seeds decreased as mean SMC was reduced to less than 5.0%, whereas the rapidly dried seeds were distinguished by significantly high GR irrespective of the storage conditions. The ginseng seeds desiccated under different conditions showed differences in storage performance. Seeds with 7-9% MC that were dried slowly at $15^{\circ}C$ for 5-7 days showed high GR after $4^{\circ}C$ and $-18^{\circ}C$ storage; however, longer periods of desiccation decreased the germination level remarkably compared with that of rapidly dried seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.14
• /
• pp.165-172
• /
• 1973

The sterile phenomenon is frequently found in the inter-species hybrids of ginseng as in other plants. It is known that among the hybrids between Panax Ginseng (PG) and Panax Quinquefolium (PQ), and between Panax Ginseng and Paxax Japonicus (PI), PG${\times}$PI is fertile only very rarely, while PG ${\times}$ PQ is always sterile. Therefore, in order to clarify the relationship between this sterility phenomenon and the metabolism of free amino acids, the changes of free amino acids through the formation of the flower organs and seeds of two hybrids, PG ${\times}$ PQ and PG ${\times}$ PI were investigated by thin layer chromatography. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Distinct differences in the quantity and number of free amino acids were recognized between PG ${\times}$ PQ, PG ${\times}$ PI and their parent plants. From the hybrid PG ${\times}$ PQ, 19 kinds of ninhyrin sensitive substances were detected in all. They were (1) 17 amino acids: alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, hydroxy-proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid, ${\beta}$-alanine, cysteic acid and tryptophan, and (2) two amides: asparagine and glutamine. From the hybrid PG ${\times}$ PI, in addition to the above 19 substances, methionine and one unknown substance were detected. 2. Generally, alanine, as partie acid, glutamic acid, cysteic acid and asparagine were detected in large amounts in the two hybrids as in PG, PG and PJ but it was a noticeable fact concerning these two hybrids that the largest quantity of asparagine was found at microspore satge and pollen mature stage. 3. The decrease of cysteic acid in the two hybrids at the red ripened stage was the same as in PQ and PJ but opposite to the change in PG. The detection of methionine in PG ${\times}$ PJ was worthy of notice. 4. The change of proline was conspicuously different from that in their parent plants. It was detected as a trace of color at the micros pore stage while asparagine was detected in the greatest amount at that time. It is well known that the quantity of proline is closely related to the sterility of plant. This fact was also found true in the formation of ginseng seeds. It was reported as well that asparagine accumulated when proline decreased. 5. The deficiency of proline seemed to be closely related with the sterility of hybrids and with the degradation of pollen in anther. 6. The difference in the changes of free amino acids between the selfed lines of PG, PQ and PJ, and their hybrids seemed to be caused by the transformation of gene-action system by hybridization. On these phenomena along with proline metabolim and its physiological role in seed formation further studies are required.