• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 1996

Ginseng has been used as miraculous panacea since ancient times in oriental countries. In spite of voluminous work, ginseng still remains mysterious herb, but its value is becoming more recognized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of Panax ginseng on wound healing using two experimental methods. First, we studied the effect of ginseng on artificial wound of cultured human keratinocyte monolayer. Indivisual components from ginseng (ginsenoside Rb2, Rc, Re, Rg1, and panasenoside) and giseng extrats were examined. Of them, compared with control, ginsenoside Rb2 and Rg1 needed much shorter time to recover original appearance of momolayer. Second, we investigated the effect of ginseng on acute injury on dorsal skin of hairless mice. We here observed that ginseng has prominent effect than Madecasol(asiaticoside), a well known wound healing agent. These results were deduced that ginseng promoted wound healing in the wound region due to its stimulation of biosynthesis of various endogeneous materials that have relation to wound healing. Furthermore, we conformed that ginsenoside Rg1 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on rat paw edema induced by carageenan. These results suggest that Panax ginseng C.A Meyer can be used in the cosmetics in that its wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2012

In order to investigate the diversity of endophytes, fungal endophytes in Panax ginseng Meyer cultivated in Korea were isolated and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of ribosomal DNA. Three cultivars of 3-year-old ginseng roots (Chunpoong, Yunpoong, and Gumpoong) were used to isolate fungal endophytes. Surface sterilized ginseng roots were placed on potato dextrose agar plates supplemented with ampicilin and streptomycin to inhibit bacterial growth. Overall, 38 fungal endophytes were isolated from 12 ginseng roots. According to the sequence analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, 38 fungal isolates were classified into 4 different fungal species, which were Phoma radicina, Fusarium oxysporum, Setophoma terrestris and Ascomycota sp. 2-RNK. The most dominant fungal endophyte was P. radicina in 3 cultivars. The percentage of dominant endophytes of P. radicina was 65.8%. The percentage of colonization frequency of P. radicina was 80%, 52.9%, and 75% in Chunpoong, Yunpoong, and Gumpoong, respectively. The second most dominant fungal endophyte was F. oxysporum. The diversity of the fungal endophytes was low and no ginseng cultivar specificity among endophytes was detected in this study. The identified endophytes can be potential fungi for the production of bioactive compounds and control against ginseng pathogens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 1991

This study investigated the relations between the photosynthetic rate and the activities of antioxidatile enzymes, glutathione reductase, ascorbate free radical reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate oxidase, in the leaves of Panax ginseng. Under the normal cultivation condition, Panax in showed lower g1utathione reductase and ascorbate free radical reductase activities the Glycine max. But P ginseng showed higher 91utathione Peroxidase, ascorbate Peroxidase, and ascorbate oxidase activities than C. Panax. Therefore, P. ginseng showed weak activities of reductases for the reduction of the oxidized antioxidants. Under the light intensity of 25 KLux, the reductases showed a decrease of over 75% after 24 hours. But the peroyoxidases decreased about 40%. These results showed that the decrease of reductases acitivities was consistent with the decrease of photosynthetic rate. Therefore, we consider that the regulation of antioxidative enzymes or the application of exogenous antioxidants will be effective means for the protection of photodamage in p. ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 1989

The characteristics of the areal parts, photosynthetic and respiration rates and stem color were examined in 1- to 5-year-old Green-stem, Violet-stem and Yellow-berry variant ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The top characteristics, photosynthetic and respiration rates were not significantly different among the three variants. Selfed progency of the Green-stems variant plant produced only green stems, while the others produced green and violet stem in the seedling stage. These results showed that most of the top characteristics of the Green-stem variant were similar those of the Violet-stem and Yellow-berry variants with age.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 1996

This study was conducted to establish an identification method age for cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) based on counting the stem vestige at rhizome. Weight, diameters of body and lateral roots, and ratios of those diameters were overlapped with those of other ages, so these are not enough as a criterion for identification of ginseng age. Since the stem vestige at rhizome was remained clearly from the 3rd-year age, root age can be the number of stem vestige +2. The number of stem vestige should be counted at the one side of rhizome with abundant vestige for multi stewed plant. It is necessary that the number of year-ring in root is investigated for rhizome damaged plant, but it must be considered that the new year-ring can be shown clearly after around loth of June. All dormant roots had damaged rhizome by some reasons.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-152
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• 1984

Solubility and degree of swelling of the starch were about 15% and 30%, respectively when the starch in agueous solution was heated at 90$^{\circ}C$ for 30minutes. The starch showed no singnificant differences in the degree of swelling and soblubility with a growing period of ginseng. The starch was begun gelatinize at 50-55$^{\circ}C$ and completed at 65-70$^{\circ}C$ by the amy tical methods of X-ray diffraction, disappearance of crystalinity. Brabender angly lographic analysis and amylase digestion test. The maximum and minimum peak viscosities of 10% starch solution were 5.500 B.U and 1960 B.U, respectively. The starch showed no significant differences in pasting temperature, maximum and minimum viscosities on amylogram with a growing period of ginseng. The intrinsic viscosities of the starch and amylose were 0.54 and 1.5-1.9, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 2004

Hairy roots were induced from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) root explants and studied for their gene expression. A total of 3,000 ESTs (expressed sequence tags) from ginseng hairy root were determined and about 2,700 ESTs have a length of readable sequence, which result in 1,352 unique ESTs sequences. The 879 ESTs showed significant similarities to known nucleotide or amino acid sequences in other plant species, which were divided into eleven categories depending upon gene function. The remaining 473 sequences showed no significant matches, which are likely to be transcripts or to be matched to other organisms. The results indicated that the analysis of the ginseng hairy root ESTs by partial sequencing of random cDNA clones may be an efficient approach to isolate genes that are functional in ginseng root in a large scale. Our extensive EST analysis of genes expressed in ginseng hairy root not only contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of genome expression patterns in root organ but also adds data to the repertoire of all genomic genes.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.289-296
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• 1991

Cultures of hairy root induced from ginseng(Panax C.A. Meyer) transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (strain A4, ATCC 15834) were established and morphologically two different hairy root strains (HB1, HB2) were obtained. To determine the optimum growth rate, the hairy root (HB2) was cultured in various liquid medium supplemented with or without plant growth hormone. The growth rate of hairy root cultured on MS medium was 1.3-3.1 times higher than those cultured on other media, and the optimum sucrose concentration and pH were 3-6%, 5.5-6.5, respectively. Also, the growth rate of hairy root was increased when 0.02 M ammonium nitrate, 1.2 mM potassium phosphate (monobasic) and 0.5 mg/l IBA were supplied to liquid medium. The saponin patterns and contents of hairy root (HB2) were determined by TLC and HPLC. The crude saponin contents were 4.67% and the total saponin contents were 1.0%, on dry weight basis.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2012

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-147
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• 1983

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for the development of new ginseng varieties. The two variants (violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant) of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) of one to four-year were used for this study. All of the characteristics, such as leaf length, leaf width, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, number of leaflets per plants, stem diameter, stem length, number of stems per plant, root length, primary root length, root diameter, root weight were determined and correlations among them were estimated. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Leaf length, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, and number of leaflets per plant of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were larger than those of Panax quinquefolium at all of the plant ages, while leaf width was wider in Panax quinquefolium. 2. The length of stem of Panax quinquefolium was shorter than that of Panax ginseng, and the frequency of multi-stem plants at 4-year-old ginseng was larger in violet-stem variant than in Panax quinquefolium and yellow-berry variant. 3. In the characteristics of ginseng root, the primary root length of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were less than that of Panax quinquefolium, while root weight, root diameter, and umber of secondary root related to yield were larger in Panax ginseng. 4. The root weight per plant related to the yield had positive and highly significant correlations with stem diameter, leaf length, leaf length, leaf width, number of compound leaves and leaflets in Panax ginseng and Panax quinguefolium. 5. The root weight related to the wield of ginseng had been influenced to stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width directly, and number of compound leaves and leaflets indirectly. 6. The number, total area and activity of stomate per mm2 of Panax quinquefolium were more, larger and stronger than those of Panax ginseng.