• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the changes in chemical composition of Panax ginseng leaf by harvesting at July, August and September. The levels of crude protein of dried ginseng leaf were decreased from 17.12mg% to 14.26% by harvesting month, however, crude fat contents of dried ginseng leaf were increased slightly from 1.90% to 2.49%. Three kinds of free sugar, i.e. glucose, fructose and sucrose were found in dried ginseng leaf and maltose was not found. Free sugar contents were increased by delaying harvest, but free amino acid were decreased. Total free amino acid was decreased in delayed harvesting month, serine was revealed superior in free amino acid composition, and valine was revealed next order. In minerals, contents of Ca were from 1,306.1mg% to 1,923mg%, that of K were higher than others patricualy as 1,266.9∼1,216.0mg%. The contents of minerals were existence in order of Mg, P, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, abundantly. Total vitamin C were present of 391.0∼336.1mg%, and the contents were decreased as delayed as harvesting period despite of the plentiful content. In fatty acid composition of ginseng leaf, the palmitic acid content was as 40% higher than other fatty acids, remarkably.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.84-89
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• 1987

The contents of some chemical constituents in several parts of Panax ginseng were investigated. Each part of ginseng was extracted with 70% ethanol and then water. The yield of extract was the highest in fine root, and relatively low in roughly dried ginseng and white ginseng, On the other hand, the contents of total sugars in white ginseng and seedling ginseng were high, but low in leaf and peel. The contents of crude protein in roughly dried ginseng and white ginseng were high, but those in leaf, rhizome (nod) and peel were low. The content of crude fat was higher in leaf than in other parts of ginseng plants and that was the lowest in fine root. Among free sugars, the content of fructose was high in leaf and rhizome, but that was the lowest in fine root. In the case of glucose content, leaf contained the highest amount, but fine root did the lowest. Sucrose contents in white, roughly dried and lateral roots were high, whereas that in leaf was low.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 1992

Invertase was extracted from Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) leaf with deionized water, and then prepared by ammonium sulfate(0.4~0.6 Sat.) fractionation, the enzymological properties of the invertase were investigated, and the results obtained were as follows. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 6.0 and 4$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range of pH 6.0 to 8.0, and at the temperature below 4$0^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was inactivated completely by the treatment with some proteases(pepsin, trypsin, papain and ficin) and protein denaturants(8M urea and 6M guanidine-HCI), but not with glycosidases (a-amylase, $\beta$-amylase and glucoamylase). The enzyme catalyzed specifically the hydrolization of the $\beta$-fructofuranosides such as sucrose and inulin.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 1998

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of growth and morphological characters among the Korean (Panax. ginseng), the American (Panax. quinquefolium) and the Bamboo (Panax. japonicus) ginseng. In aerial parts growth of the ginseng species by age, The Korean ginseng and American ginseng's stem and leaf growth was alike in 2-4 years old, but growth cycle changed in 6 years old. The Korean ginseng was more vigorous than the American ginseng. The Korean ginseng roots were highly observed in ratio of red skin roots among three species, whereas The American ginseng roots were highly infected by root rot. It seems to be variable depending on growing stage and species. The Korean ginseng flowered about the middle of May, the American ginseng early June, and the Bamboo ginseng was late of May, The berry color of the ginseng species was observed, The Korean and American ginseng's mature berry color was red, The Bamboo ginseng's berry was three type of color and shape. In root characteristics of the seedling, Korean (p. ginseng), American (p. quinquefolium) ginseng's root shape was similarity in type, the bamboo ginseng showed different type, which root length and root weight was smaller than those of ginseng. In morphological characters of Leaf surface, pollen, and stoma, the Korean ginseng and American ginseng had crystal rosette on epidermis cell, but the Bamboo ginseng didn't has crystal rosette. Pollen shape observed tricolpate pollen and size was media type among the ginseng species, and also guard cell was anomocytic type, which were observed by scanning electronic microscope.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.236-239
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• 1993

We studied the chloroplast rearrangement, short-term regulation depending on the light conditions in plants, and the characteristic of photosynthic rate as affected by in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. The chloroplast rearrangement of ginseng mesophyll cell was induced with the irradiation of blue light (400~500 nm) and through this process the rate of leaf transmittance increased 5~7.5%. The time to reach the maximum value of photosynthesis was shorter above 20 minutes with the blue light irradiation than that of the red light.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-125
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• 1990

Ethylene was released from leaf and fruit but root of Panax ginseng. Root callus showed higher ethylene release (ER) than fruit ER increased with leaf senesence. Fruit during ripening showed decreasing ER in the order of green stage, early stage of reddening and fully ripened stage. between leaves from the plant with fruits in different stages of ripening showed similar trend of fruit in ER but it was about 10 times higher in leaves than in fruits. Leaves of P. quinquefolius showed about 200 times higher ER than that of P ginseng on 22 July Fruits from the plant treated with ethephon showed higher ER after 109 days. Forty-five day-old seedlings grown with various growth regulators showed a significant decrease of stem length and significant increase of ER only in Uniconazole (0.1 ppm) and H-9 (0.0, 5 ppm) solution.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.416-420
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• 1990

Ultrastructural and anatomical features of the leaf were studied in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer(ginseng). The ginseng leaf poorly developed palisade tissue and the size of mesophyll cell was larger and the chloroplast density was lower than that of Glycine max (soyben). Ginseng chloroplast was filled with highly stacked grana and condensely-arrayed thylakoid, so the stroma space was hardly absorbed. However, ginseng mesophyll tissue and chloroplast array did not reduce light energy entering the mesophyll chloroplast, and the high LHCP/CP ratio of ginseng thylakoid resulted in the absorption of excess photon. It is reasonable to assume that 1O1-photogenearation by excess light energy partially resulted from the anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics of the ginseng leaf.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 1987

This study was investigated and analyzed the side of phenomenological of the chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon on the leaf burning-disease of the Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) leaf. Red light (660-700 nm) was confirmed as one which induced the bleaching phenomenon and blue light (400-500 nm) did not at all. Temperature as 1 environmental factor had not any influence on chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon at all. Therefore, simple burning (thermal damage) hypothesis was perfectly ruled out by the result of this study. And, low pH accelerated chlorophyll bleaching velocity. A primary factor of chlorophyll bleaching phenomenon may be peculiar structural difference of the Ginseng leaf compared with other plant.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.643-650
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• 2020

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a dicotyledonous, medicinal, perennial plant belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae. We investigated the occurrence and incidence of plant viruses in Panax ginseng in Korea. A total of 656 leaf samples were combined into one and total RNA was extracted from the polled sample, using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), a metatranscriptome analysis of the plant virome was conducted. The virus present in Panax ginseng was confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using virus-specific primers. In RNA-Seq data analysis, the multiplication protein of four viral contigs including Aristotelia chilensis virus 1 (AcV1), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Tobamovirus multiplication protein were discovered. From our metatranscriptome analysis and RT-PCR assay, TuMV and WMV were detected, whereas the three viruses reported in China such as tomato yellow leaf curl China virus; panax notoginseng virus A; and panax virus Y were not found in this study. The distribution of domestic ginseng viruses seems different from that recorded in China. Overall, this is the first plant virome analysis of Panax ginseng in Korea.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2021

Background: Panax ginseng, as one of the most widely used herbal medicines worldwide, has been studied comprehensively in terms of the chemical components and pharmacology. The proteins from ginseng are also of great importance for both nutrition value and the mechanism of secondary metabolites. However, the proteomic studies are less reported in the absence of the genome information. With the completion of ginseng genome sequencing, the proteome profiling has become available for the functional study of ginseng protein components. Methods: We optimized the protein extraction process systematically by using SDS-PAGE and one-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The extracted proteins were then analyzed by two-dimensional chromatography separation and cutting-edge mass spectrometry technique. Results: A total of 2,732 and 3,608 proteins were identified from ginseng root and cauline leaf, respectively, which was the largest data set reported so far. Only around 50% protein overlapped between the cauline leaf and root tissue parts because of the function assignment for plant growing. Further gene ontology and KEGG pathway revealed the distinguish difference between ginseng root and leaf, which accounts for the photosynthesis and metabolic process. With in-deep analysis of functional proteins related to ginsenoside synthesis, we interestingly found the cytochrome P450 and UDP-glycosyltransferase expression extensively in cauline leaf but not in the root, indicating that the post glucoside synthesis of ginsenosides might be carried out when growing and then transported to the root at withering. Conclusion: The systematically proteome analysis of Panax ginseng will provide us comprehensive understanding of ginsenoside synthesis and guidance for artificial cultivation.