• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1379-1382
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• 2008

This study was performed to provide basic information that can be used to differentiate Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) berry and seed from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed. Total ginsenoside contents of Korean ginseng berry, Korean ginseng seed, and American ginseng seed were 9.09, 3.30, and 4.06%, respectively. Total ginsenoside content of Korean ginseng berry was about 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed. Particularly ginsenoside Re content of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng berry (5.99%) was about 3.6 to 5.4 times higher than that of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng seed (1.65%) and 4-year cultivated American ginseng seed (1.10%). The contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were about 4.8 and 28 times higher, respectively, than those of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng root. In general the contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were significantly higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.133-147
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• 1983

This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for the development of new ginseng varieties. The two variants (violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant) of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) of one to four-year were used for this study. All of the characteristics, such as leaf length, leaf width, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, number of leaflets per plants, stem diameter, stem length, number of stems per plant, root length, primary root length, root diameter, root weight were determined and correlations among them were estimated. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Leaf length, petiol length, number of leaves per plant, and number of leaflets per plant of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were larger than those of Panax quinquefolium at all of the plant ages, while leaf width was wider in Panax quinquefolium. 2. The length of stem of Panax quinquefolium was shorter than that of Panax ginseng, and the frequency of multi-stem plants at 4-year-old ginseng was larger in violet-stem variant than in Panax quinquefolium and yellow-berry variant. 3. In the characteristics of ginseng root, the primary root length of Panax ginseng, violet-stem variant and yellow-berry variant, were less than that of Panax quinquefolium, while root weight, root diameter, and umber of secondary root related to yield were larger in Panax ginseng. 4. The root weight per plant related to the yield had positive and highly significant correlations with stem diameter, leaf length, leaf length, leaf width, number of compound leaves and leaflets in Panax ginseng and Panax quinguefolium. 5. The root weight related to the wield of ginseng had been influenced to stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width directly, and number of compound leaves and leaflets indirectly. 6. The number, total area and activity of stomate per mm2 of Panax quinquefolium were more, larger and stronger than those of Panax ginseng.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.81-84
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• 1979

인삼변이계통의 선발에 필요한 기초자료를 얻고저 자경종, 황숙종, 미국종의 일년생에 대하여 여러 가지 농경형질의 변이를 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. Panax quinquefolium이 Panax ginseng에 비하여 모든 형질의 변이가 큰 경향이었다. 2. Panax ginseng에 있어서는 자경종이 황숙종보다 형질변이가 크게 나타났다. 3. Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium 공히 경장, 엽장, 근장 등의 형질은 변이가 큰 반면에 경직경, 근직경 등의 형질은 비교적 적게 변화하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.153-160
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• 2012

Panax ginseng has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine. More recently, it has received attention for its anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects in humans and in animal models of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we tested the hypoglycemic effects of ginseng berry extract in beta-cell-deficient mice and investigated the mechanisms involved. Red (ripe) and green (unripe) berry extracts were prepared and administered orally (100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice daily for 10 wk. The body weight was measured daily, and the nonfasting blood glucose levels were measured after 5 and 10 wk after administration. Glucose tolerance tests were performed, and the serum insulin levels were measured. The proliferation of beta-cells was measured in vitro. The administration of red or green ginseng berry extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels and improved the glucose tolerance in beta-cell deficient mice, with the higher doses resulting in better effects. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was significantly increased in berry extract-treated mice compared with streptozotocin-induced diabetic control mice. Treatment with ginseng berry extract increased beta-cell proliferation in vitro. Both red berry and green berry extracts improved glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and increased insulin secretion, possibly due to increased beta-cell proliferation. These results suggest that ginseng berry extracts might have beneficial effects on beta-cell regeneration.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.342-349
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the applicability of the ground parts such as flower (GF), berry (GR), and leaf (GL) from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. The ground parts were extracted from hot water (WE) and 60% ethanol (EE). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 15.02-32.74 and 21.60-484.05 mg GAE/g, respectively. Hot water extract of ginseng leaf (GLWE) and 60% ethanol extract of ginseng leaf (GLEE) showed higher total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents than other extracts. Crude saponin contents were found in the range of 15.30-37.27%. Antioxidant activity of these extracts from ginseng was also analyzed by DPPH, ABTS, H₂O₂ scavenging activity, reducing power, and inhibition effect on lipid peroxidation. We confirmed the results that hot water extract of ginseng leaf (GLWE), 60% ethanol extract of ginseng leaf (GLEE) has high anti-oxidative effects. According to the antioxidant activity results of each extract of ginseng flower, ginseng berry, and ginseng leaf, it is judged that their availability is very high, and if proper processing is performed, it can be used as a functional raw material.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2018

Background: Antihyperglycemic effects of Panax ginseng berry have never been explored in humans. The aims of this study were to assess the efficacy and safety of a 12-wk treatment with ginseng berry extract in participants with a fasting glucose level between 100 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL. Methods: This study was a 12-wk, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 72 participants were randomly allocated to two groups of either ginseng berry extract or placebo, and 63 participants completed the study. The parameters related to glucose metabolism were assessed. Results: Although the present study failed to show significant antihyperglycemic effects of ginseng berry extract on the parameters related to blood glucose and lipid metabolism in the total study population, it demonstrated that ginseng berry extract could significantly decrease serum concentration of fasting glucose by 3.7% (p = 0.035), postprandial glucose at 60 min during 75 g oral glucose tolerance test by 10.7% (p = 0.006), and the area under the curve for glucose by 7.7% (p = 0.024) in those with fasting glucose level of 110 mg/dL or higher, while the placebo group did not exhibit a statistically significant decrease. Safety profiles were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: The present study suggests that ginseng berry extract has the potential to improve glucose metabolism in human, especially in those with fasting glucose level of 110 mg/dL or higher. For a more meaningful benefit, further research in people with higher blood glucose levels is required.

• 생약학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2010

The root of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a commonly used herbal medicine in China, Korea, Japan. However, the compositions and effects of Korean ginseng berry are not clear to date. In order to investigate the anti-aging effects in the skin, Korean ginseng berry was extracted with 70% ethanol and tested the biological effects. In the results, Korean ginseng berry extract showed an excellent anti-oxidant effect against oxidative stress and decreased MMP-1 over-expression induced by UV irradiation. Especially the main component of Korean ginseng berry extract, ginsenoside Re, increased hyaluronic acid in HaCaT keratinocytes. We improved Korean ginseng berry could be a good material for the anti-aging effect of skin.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.157-162
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• 1987

인삼의 종 및 품종간 생리적 특성을 알기 위하여 볏짚 해가림하의 동일한 환경조건하에서 재배된 Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer 인 자경종, 황숙종, 미마끼, 소련재배인삼 그리고 Panax quinque folium L.인 미국삼을 광도, 온도, 시기별 광합성능력과 기공, 엽록소, 비엽중 및 지상하부 형질들을 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 광포화점은 자경종, 황숙종, 미마끼 및 미국삼이 15,000 lux 내외였고 소련재배인삼은 10,000 lux 내외였 다. 2. 광합성 최적 온도는 자경종, 황숙종, 미국삼 및 미마끼가 20 $^{\circ}C$ 내외였으나 소련재배인삼은 15$^{\circ}C$ 내외였다. 3. 광합성속도(생육기)는 미국삼이 7.8 mg($CO_2$/dm$^2$/h) 정도로 가장 높았고, 자엽종. 황숙종, 미마끼가 약 6~7mg($CO_2$/dm$^2$/h)였으며 소련재배인삼은 5mg($CO_2$/dm$^2$/h) 정도로 가장 낮았다. 4. 암호흡속도는 온도가 높아짐에 따라 달라지는 영향이었으나 종 및 품종간에는 비슷하였다. 5. 단위 엽면적당 기공수는 미국삼이 가장 많았고 소련재배인삼이 가장 적었으며 기공의 길이는 그 반대였다. 6. 엽록소함량은 미국삼이 가장 많았으며, 비엽중은 미마끼가 가장 높았다. 7. 2년근시 근중은 미국삼이 가장 무거웠고 소련재단인삼이 가장 가벼웠으나, 엽수는 자엽종, 황숙종, 미마끼가 많았고, 미국삼, 소련재배인삼 순으로 적었다. 8. 6년근주 근중은 자엽종, 황숙종, 미마끼가 가장 무거웠고. 미국삼 소련재배인삼 순으로 가벼웠으며, 엽수도 같은 경향이었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2012

This study was conducted to select plant growth regulators effective at ginseng berry set inhibition to help root growth in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). PGRs (ethephon, gibberellic acid, maleic hydrazide, coumarin) were applied to field grown 5-year-old Korean ginseng between one and two times, before and during bloom in 2009, 2010. The number of treatment was more effective in ginseng berry set inhibition when used two times compared with one time in GA 1,000 ppm, MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm), coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) treatment. According to treatment period of plant growth regulator, ginseng berry set inhibition rate from 20days before flowering date to 5days after blooming was the highest in MH 5000 ppm showing 99.9% and the lowest in GA 100 ppm showing 32.8%. The spray treatments of Ethephon (50, 150 ppm) and MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days before the flowering bloom up to 5 days before, and coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days to 6 days and before blooming that induced the inhibitory effect more than 90% after 12 weeks. Considering ginseng berry set inhibition characteristics and treatment period ethephon and coumarin was important about applied period but, MH treatment appeared to effective ginseng berry set inhibition regardless of treatment period.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.147-153
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• 1998

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of growth and morphological characters among the Korean (Panax. ginseng), the American (Panax. quinquefolium) and the Bamboo (Panax. japonicus) ginseng. In aerial parts growth of the ginseng species by age, The Korean ginseng and American ginseng's stem and leaf growth was alike in 2-4 years old, but growth cycle changed in 6 years old. The Korean ginseng was more vigorous than the American ginseng. The Korean ginseng roots were highly observed in ratio of red skin roots among three species, whereas The American ginseng roots were highly infected by root rot. It seems to be variable depending on growing stage and species. The Korean ginseng flowered about the middle of May, the American ginseng early June, and the Bamboo ginseng was late of May, The berry color of the ginseng species was observed, The Korean and American ginseng's mature berry color was red, The Bamboo ginseng's berry was three type of color and shape. In root characteristics of the seedling, Korean (p. ginseng), American (p. quinquefolium) ginseng's root shape was similarity in type, the bamboo ginseng showed different type, which root length and root weight was smaller than those of ginseng. In morphological characters of Leaf surface, pollen, and stoma, the Korean ginseng and American ginseng had crystal rosette on epidermis cell, but the Bamboo ginseng didn't has crystal rosette. Pollen shape observed tricolpate pollen and size was media type among the ginseng species, and also guard cell was anomocytic type, which were observed by scanning electronic microscope.