• 농업과학연구
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.239-243
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of supplementation of ${\beta}$-mannanase (CTCZYME$^{(R)}$, CTCBIO, Inc.) on feed intake, growth performance and fecal health of calves fed two levels (3% vs. 8%) of palm kernel meal (PKM). A total of nine Holstein calves were divided into three groups, and fed a conventional starter containing 3% PKM (CON), CON+0.1% CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ (TRT1), or a starter containing 8% PKM+0.1% CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ (TRT2). No clinical symptom of calves was observed through the trial. We did not find significant differences among the treatments on mean feed intake, growth performance, or fecal health during the four-week experimental period. Feed efficiency tended to be improved by adding CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ (0.46, 0.87 and 0.52 for CON, TRT1 and TRT2, respectively). Compared with CON (921 g/d and 786 g/d), TRT2 had lower feed intake (727 g/d) and average daily gain (ADG, 631 g/d) before weaning. However, feed intake (2300 g/d) and ADG (1012 g/d) were similar or even higher in TRT2 than CON (2269 g/d and 560 g/d) after weaning. This was probably due to the effect of a large amount of mannan-oligosaccharide released from PKM by ${\beta}$-mannanase. Salmonella was not detected any fecal samples. No significant difference was observed in the number of fecal E. coli or fecal properties including color, smell, and watery indexes among the treatments. We conclude that a calf starter containing 8% PKM with 0.1% CTCZYME$^{(R)}$ is comparable with a conventional starter in feed intake and growth performance of calf, which is beneficial in terms of reduction in feed cost.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.160-165
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• 2021

느티만가닥버섯 '햇살' 품종에 대한 봉지재배 안정생산 재배기술을 개발하기 위하여 포플러(미루나무) 톱밥을 주배지로 하고 밀기울, 미강, 건비지, 면실박, 팜커널등 5종의 영양원배지 재료를 혼합하여 배지를 조성하여 재배시험을 수행하였다. 배지혼합 전 재료들에 대한 열수추출 배지들에 대한 버섯균사 생장은 팜커널에서 가장 우수하였으며 균사밀도의 경우 포플러배지를 제외하고 모두 우수하였다. 조성배지들에 대한 버섯발생 안정성, 재배기간, 수량성을 기준으로 조사한 결과 포플러톱밥, 밀기울, 미강, 건비지, 팜커널이 55:15:20:5:65(v/v) 수준으로 조합된 T6배지에서 생육기간이 단축되고 수량이 높아 봉지재배에 적합한 배지로 선발하였다. 선발배지에 대한 균사배양 완료기간은 38.0일로 대조로 이용된 T1배지에 비하여 1.7일 더 소요되었다. 그러나 균긁기 이후 수확시까지 소요되는 기간은 18.0일로 대조배지(T1)를 이용한 재배기간보다 1.0일 단축됨에 따라 총 재배기간은 68.0일이 소요되었다. 선발배지에 대한 수량은 144.7 g으로 대조배지(T1) 수량 112.5 g보다 약 28.6%가 증가되었다. 이상의 연구결과를 통해 느티만가닥버섯 '햇살' 품종의 봉지재배 적합배지로 포플러톱밥, 밀기울, 미강, 건비지, 팜커널이 55:15:20:5:5(v/v) 비율로 혼합된 배지조성을 선발하였다. 선발배지에 대한 이화학적 특성으로 수분함량은 60.8%, pH 6.0, 전질소 함량은 0.83% 수준이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.362-368
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 국내 유통되는 커피 크리머와 커피믹스의 수분 함량과 지방 함량을 측정하고 지방의 지방산 조성을 분석하였고 관능평가를 수행하였다. 커피 크리머의 수분 함량은 1.9~4.5%, 지방 함량은 15.4~28.5%이었다. 인스턴트 커피믹스의 수분 함량은 1.1~2.8%, 지방 함량은 7.7~14.0%이었다. 14개 커피 크리머 제품 중 12개 제품의 지방은 포화지방산이 90% 이상으로 조성되어 있었는데, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid 순서로 많았다. 나머지 2개 제품의 지방은 포화지방산이 50%, 단일불포화지방산이 39%, 다중불포화지방산이 10%로 이루어져 있었다. 커피믹스 11개 제품의 지방은 포화지방산이 99~100%를 차지하고 있었는데, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid의 순서로 많았다. Lauric acid와 myristic acid의 함량이 높은 제품은 coconut oil이나 palm kernel oil에서 유래되었다고 볼 수 있으며, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid의 함량이 높은 제품은 palm oil(PO)을 지방 원료로 사용하였다고 볼 수 있다. 지방산 조성 분석을 바탕으로 지방산 조성의 특성에 따라 5가지 제품을 선택하여 관능 평가를 수행한 결과, 향과 맛 그리고 전반적인 기호도는 lauric acid가 많이 함유된 커피 크리머를 첨가한 커피가 유의적으로 좋은 평가를 받았으며(p<0.05), palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid의 함량이 높은 커피크리머는 전반적인 기호도 면에서 유의적으로 낮은 평가를 받아(p<0.05), PO의 원료를 많이 함유할수록 커피의 맛에 안좋은 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. Hydrogenated coconut oil(HCO)과 PO의 배합 비율을 다르게 하여 제조한 커피 크리머로 만든 커피를 관능 평가한 결과, HCO의 비율이 높을수록 전반적인 기호도에서 높은 평가를 받았다. 따라서 커피 크리머에 함유된 지방이 커피의 맛에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.946-950
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• 2014

Bacillus licheniformis was grown in minimal nutrient medium containing 1% (w/v) of distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS), palm kernel meal (PKM), wheat bran (WB) or copra meal (CM), and the enzyme activity of endoglucanase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, xylanase and reducing sugars was measured to investigate a possibility of using cost-effective agricultural residues in producing cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. The CM gave the highest endoglucanase activity of 0.68 units/mL among added substrates at 48 h. CM yielded the highest titres of 0.58 units/ml of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, compared to 0.33, 0.23, and 0.16 units/mL by PKM, WB, and DDGS, respectively, at 72 h. Xylanase production was the highest (0.34 units/mL) when CM was added. The supernatant from fermentation of CM had the highest reducing sugars than other additional substrates at all intervals (0.10, 0.12, 0.10, and 0.11 mg/mL respectively). It is concluded that Bacillus licheniformis is capable of producing multiple cellulo- and hemicellololytic enzymes for bioethanol production using cost-effective agricultural residues, especially CM, as a sole nutrient source.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2014년도 제49회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.375-378
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• 2014

In this study, we carried out torrefaction experiment using PKS(Palm Kernel Shell), and Bagasse as a raw material of oversee of herbaceous biomass and using waste wood and logging residue as a raw material of domestic of woody biomass. And then, by analyzing the physical & chemical properties, we investigated the characteristics as a fuel. By using the result of thermo gravimetric analysis, the biomass residue was torrefied for 30 minutes at a temperature range of $250-350^{\circ}C$ in anaerobic condition. As a result, torrefied materials of moisture content are lower than raw, but of fixed carbon, calorific value and ash are higher than raw.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2014년도 제49회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.33-36
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• 2014

Gasification of biomass produces syngas containing CO, $H_2$ and/or $CH_4$, which can then be converted into energy or value-added fuels. One of key issues for efficient gasification is to minimize tar concentration in the syngas for use in a final conversion device such as gas engine. This study investigated the decomposition of primary tar by catalytic cracking using char as catalyst, of which the feature can be integrated into a fixed bed gasifier design. The pyrolysis vapor containing tar from pyrolysis of wood at $500^{\circ}C$ was passed through a reactor filled with or without char at $800^{\circ}C$ for a residence time of 1, 3 or 5 sec. Then, the condensable vapor (water and tar) and gases were analyzed for the yields and elemental composition. Four types of char particles with different microscopic surface area and pore size distribution: wood, paddy straw, palm kernel shell and activated carbon. The results were analyzed for the mass and carbon yields of tar and the composition of product gases to conclude the effects of char types and residence time.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the variation in nutrient composition of oilseed meals and to develop prediction equations for amino acid concentrations. Energy and nutrient contents were determined in a total of 1,380 feed ingredient samples including copra byproducts, corn distillers, dried grains with solubles, palm kernel byproducts, and soybean meal. The ingredient samples were imported to the Republic of Korea between 2006 and 2015. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The regression procedure of SAS was used to generate the prediction equation for the lysine concentration using the crude protein (CP) concentration as an independent variable. The concentrations of moisture, gross energy, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine in tested oilseed meals differed (P<0.05) depending on producing countries. The prediction equations for amino acid concentrations (% as-is basis) in the oilseed meals are: lysine = -1.08 + 0.080 × CP (root mean square error = 0.244, R² = 0.924, and P<0.001); threonine = -0.297 + 0.044 × CP (root mean square error = 0.099, R² = 0.958, and P<0.001). In conclusion, energy and nutrient compositions vary in the oilseed meals depending on the producing countries. Moreover, the crude protein concentration can be used as a suitable independent variable for estimating lysine and threonine concentrations in the oilseed meals.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2010

Because ammonia from livestock production may substantially contribute to environmental pollution, emissions from all possible sources (housing systems, manure storage, manure application, outside grazing) should be reduced. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different bedding materials on ammonia emissions in a cow house. By applying a combination of four treatment types: treatment $1-T_1$ (sawdust (50%)+sawdust pellets (50%)), treatment $2-T_2$ (sawdust (50%)+corn stalk pellets (50%)), treatment $3-T_3$ (sawdust (100%)), and treatment $4-T_4$ (sawdust (50%)+palm kernel meal pellets(50%)) as bedding materials in a cow house, the effects of such treatments on ammonia flux were assessed in approximately one month. The magnitude of ammonia emissions (mg $m^{-2}\;min^{-1}$) varied in the following order: $T_1$(2.226), $T_4$(2.052), $T_2$(1.845), and $T_3$(1.712). The patterns of pH had a decreasing trend for all bedding treatments during the experiment, and there was no significant relationship with ammonia flux. The results reveal that the most important factor influencing ammonia emissions is the physical structure of the bedding types.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2017

Co-firing of renewable fuel in coal fired boilers is an attractive option to mitigate $CO_2$ emissions, since it is a relatively low cost option for efficiently converting renewable fuel to electricity by adding biomass as partial substitute of coal. However, it would cause reducing plant efficiency and operational flexibility, and increasing operation and capital cost associated with handling and firing equipment of renewable fuels. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biomass co-firing on $CO_2$ emission and capital/operating cost. Wood pellet, PKS (palm kernel shell), EFB (empty fruit bunch) and sludge are considered as renewable fuels for co-firing with coal. Several approaches by the co-firing ratio are chosen from previous plant demonstrations and commercial co-firing operation, and they are evaluated and discussed for $CO_2$ reduction and cost estimation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.769-776
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in oilseed meals and distillers dried grains (DDG) fed to growing-finishing pigs. As experimental animals, eleven barrows (initial body weight, $71.7{\pm}17.0kg$) were housed in individual metabolism cages. The experimental design consisted of an $11{\times}8$ incomplete Latin square with 11 dietary treatments and 8 replication periods. The diets were individually formulated with dehulled soybean meal produced in Korea (SBM-KD), soybean meal produced in India (SBM-I), soybean meal produced in Korea (SBM-K), corn high-protein distiller dried grains (HPDDG), tapioca distillers dried grains (TDDG), canola meal (CAM), corn germ meal (CGM), copra meal (COM), palm kernel meal (PKM), sesame meal (SM), and perilla meal (PM). Pigs with SBM-KD and SBM-K showed greater (p < 0.05) intake of N than SBM-I, HPDDG, and PKM. Total feces output was decreased (p < 0.05) in SBMs (SBM-KD, -I, and -K), HPDDG, and CGM compared with TDDG, SM, and PM. The DM in excreted feces was decreased (p < 0.05) in SBMs and CGM compared to TDDG, SM, and PM. Similarly, the SM and PM fed to pigs resulted in greater (p < 0.05) fecal excretion of N than the others. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM in SBMs and CGM was greater (p < 0.05) than TDDG, SM, and PM. The SBMs fed to pigs showed higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of N than TDDG, COM, SM, and PM. In conclusion, our results provided nutritional information about various ingredients and would be useful to contain more precise amounts of nutrients included in feed ingredients of pig diet.