• 제목/요약/키워드: Palm fatty acid ester

검색결과 18건 처리시간 0.029초

AC Breakdown Voltage and Viscosity of Palm Fatty Acid Ester (PFAE) Oil-based Nanofluids

  • Mohamad, Mohd Safwan;Zainuddin, Hidayat;Ab Ghani, Sharin;Chairul, Imran Sutan
    • Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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    • 제12권6호
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    • pp.2333-2341
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    • 2017
  • Mineral oils are commonly used as transformer insulation oils but these oils are obtained from non-renewable and non-sustainable sources, which is highly undesirable. For this reason, natural ester oils are now being used in replacement of mineral oils because of their good biodegradability, high cooling stability, good oxidation stability and excellent insulation performance. Nanotechnology has gained prominence in both academic and industrial fields over the years and it has been shown in previous studies that nanoscale materials are useful for transformers due to their favourable dielectric properties. The objective of this study is to compare the AC breakdown voltage and viscosity of natural ester oil with three types of nanofluids. The natural ester oil-based nanofluids are prepared by mixing palm fatty acid ester (PFAE) oil with three types of nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.01 g/l: (1) $Fe_3O_4$ conductive nanoparticles, (2) $TiO_2$ semi-conductive nanoparticles and (3) $Al_2O_3$ insulating nanoparticles. The AC breakdown voltage of the oil samples is analysed using Weibull statistical analysis and the results reveal that the PFAE oil-based $Fe_3O_4$ nanofluid gives exceptional dielectric performance compared to other oil samples, whereby the AC breakdown voltage increases by 43%. It can be concluded that the PFAE oil-based $Fe_3O_4$ nanofluid is a promising dielectric liquid to substitute mineral oils.

유화제의 첨가가 팜유의 열 특성에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Emulsifier on the Thermal Behaviour in Palm Oil)

  • 장영상;이영수;강우석;신재익
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제21권6호
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    • pp.857-862
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    • 1989
  • 팜유에 유화제인 sucrose fatty acid ester를 첨가하여 유화제 첨가농도의 변화에 따라 나타나는 팜유의 결정화 및 용융화 현상을 DSC를 이용하여 연구하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 유화제가 첨가된 팜유를 냉각할 때, 무첨가군에 비하여 발열 정점 온도가 저하되었다. 이것은 SE가 300ppm까지 첨가된 팜유에서는 모결정 형성이 억제되므로 인해 결정화 온도가 저하된 것이다. 이는 SE의 첨가량이 300ppm까지 증가되는 것과는 관계없이 결정화 단계에서 저융점 결정 형성이 억제되었다. 팜유를 용융할 때 ${\alpha}$형 전이온도 및 entropy의 변화현상은 무첨가군에 비해 SE 첨가군의 경우, scanning rate의 변화에 관계없이 유화제의 분자 분산에 의한 영향으로 불규칙하게 나타났다.

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요소 착물형성에 의한 포화지방산 고함유 팜유 및 우지 유래 바이오디젤의 저온유동성 개선효과 연구 (Improvement of Low Temperature Property of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Beef Tallow Via Urea Complexation)

  • 이영화;신정아;장화;이기택;김광수;장영석;박광근
    • 신재생에너지
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    • 제8권4호
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    • pp.38-43
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    • 2012
  • Biodiesel is non-petroleum based fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through transesterification. The compositions of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the feedstocks are important factors for biodiesel quality in terms of low-temperature fluidity and oxidative stability. The goal of this study is to improve the cold flow property of biodiesel from vegetable and animal origin containing highly saturated methyl esters (approx. 50%). In this purpose poly-saturated methyl esters in palm and tallow biodiesel were removed via urea-based fractionation and then the recovered fractions (enriched unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters) were supplemented with cold flow improvers. The highest concentration of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (93.8%) was obtained using a urea/fatty acid ratio of 3:1 at the crystallization temperature of $0^{\circ}C$ for 17 hours in incubation, with recovery of 71% and the addition of cold flow improver (Flozol$^{(R)}$ 515, 3,000 ppm) to the enriched poly-unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters reduced the CFPP(cold filter plugging point) of palm biodiesel from $12^{\circ}C$ to $-42^{\circ}C$. In tallow biodiesel both the enrichment of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (93.71%) and the addition of cold flow improver (Infineum R408, 3,000ppm) reduced the CFPP from $10^{\circ}C$ to $-32^{\circ}C$.

지방종류에 따른 Hamburg Patty의 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구 (Study on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Hamburg Patties with Different Lipid Sources)

  • 신기간;이성기;박형일
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.80-88
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    • 2001
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the different physicochemical properties of various lipid sources in beef patties during storage for 6 months. Four groups of samples were made of beef meat patties with 22% of tallow, lard, chicken fat and 20% of palm oil. On the analysis result of physicochemical compositions, the patty has its own fatty acids composition and characteristic different from other lipids. Patty with chicken fat has the highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid composition of 61.0% compared to the other groups of patties. Beef patty with chicken fat has 18.8% of poly unsaturated fatty acid(USFA) and beef patty with beef lipid has 1.5% of poly USFA which is the least percentage among the others. SFA/USFA ratio of beef patty with chicken lipid was 0.5 which was the least value. The composition of PUFA in beef patty with lard increased to 10.0% from 1.9% over initial value after storage for 6 months. On the contrary, the composition of PUFA in beef patty with chicken fat decreased to 9.2% from 18.8% over initial value after 6 months. Volatile free fatty acids of beef patties were evaluated with four kinds of lipid sources. Formic acid was the most as of 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in beef patty with tallow, acetic acid was 15$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and heptanoic acid was 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/g at starting time of storage. However, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid and caproic acid were not detected. After 6 months, formic acid decreased from 59$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to 7$\mu\textrm{g}$/g in the patty with tallow, from 12$\mu\textrm{g}$/g to non-detect level in the patty with palm oil, but two the others patties slightly increased. Volatile compounds in meat patties were reported nearly 1000 kinds of chemical compounds. Beef patty with tallow has aldehydes 5.3, alcohol 1.3, hydrocarbon 0.8, ketones 0.2, ester 0.1, furans 0.1, acid 0.04, sulfur 0.03 in peak area at starting and increased to aldehydes 8.5, alcohol 2.1, ketones 0.5, ester 1.0, furans 1.5 in peak area during the storage. But only furans was not detected after 6 months of storage. From starting to 6 months, aldehydes increased 2∼10 times, alcohol increased 2∼3 times, acids 4∼50 times and ester 9∼20 times in beef patties with pork lipid, chicken lipid and palm oil. Some volatile compounds such as alcohol, aldehydes and acids in all kinds of patties significantly increased after 6 months of storage. These increases cause oxidative rancidity taste in meat patties. These results showed that selt-life of meat patties with 4 different lipids were not over 6 months even though they were stored at -20$^{circ}C$. Therefore, they should be classified as off-grade because of oxidative rancidity. Although beef patties with tallow are currently common type, the possibility for new type of hamburg patty can be developed by applying different lipids. Finally, we found out new type of beef patty added with lard, which has the best taste and quality compared to the other common types.

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팜유로부터 바이오디젤 연료를 합성하는 초임계유체반응에서 지방산메틸에스테르의 함량에 미치는 첨가물의 영향 (Effect of Additives on the Contents of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Biodiesel Fuel in the Transesterification of Palm oil with Supercritical Methanol)

  • 이홍식;최준혁;신영호;임영섭;한종훈;김화용;이윤우
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • 제46권4호
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    • pp.747-751
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    • 2008
  • 수분이나 유리지방산 함량이 높은 폐식용유의 적용 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 초임계메탄올을 이용한 바이오디젤 연료의 합성에서 첨가물이 미치는 영향에 대해 실험하였다. 회분식 반응기를 이용하여 물, 유리지방산, 항산화물질의 함량을 달리하여 전이에스테르화반응을 진행하였고, 기체크로마토그래피를 이용해 시료에 포함된 지방산메틸에스테르의 양을 측정하였다. 수분이 증가함에 따라 생성되는 지방산메틸에스테르의 함량이 약간 감소했으나 염기촉매나 산촉매에 비해서는 그 폭이 아주 작았다. 유리지방산, 비타민 E, ${\beta}$-카로틴의 함량 변화에 따른 영향은 거의 없었다.

효소 촉매를 이용한 고산가 폐유지 유래 바이오디젤 합성 (Enzymatic Biodiesel Synthesis of Waste Oil Contained High Free Fatty Acid)

  • 전철환;임광묵;김재곤;황인하;나병기
    • 한국응용과학기술학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.1048-1056
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    • 2018
  • 비식용 원료인 Palm Acid Oil, 동물성 폐유지 등은 상대적으로 자유 지방산 함량이 높기 때문에 일반적인 염기 촉매를 이용한 전이에스테르화 반응에 적합하지 않다. 효소 촉매를 이용하면 염기 촉매에서 해결할 수 없는 몇 가지 문제를 해결할 수 있으며, 에너지 소비가 작고, 바이오디젤 부산물인 글리세롤 회수가 쉬우며, 자유 지방산 함량이 높은 트리글리세라이드에 대한 전이에스테르화 반응이 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 고정화 효소 촉매를 이용하여 1 ton/day 용량의 반응기에서 비식용 폐유지를 바이오디젤로 합성하였으며, 반응 공정의 변수를 최적화하였다.

A Modified Methylation Method to Determine Fatty Acid Content by Gas Chromatography

  • Wirasnita, Riry;Hadibarata, Tony;Novelina, Yus Maria;Yusoff, Abdull Rahim Mohd;Yusop, Zulkifli
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제34권11호
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    • pp.3239-3242
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    • 2013
  • An improved rapid method for determination of the fatty acid composition using modified methylation procedure was compared with the AOAC reference procedure based on the methylation of fatty acid with the addition of BF3 catalyst before and while heating. The new method is useful for research and routine quality control and has a number of advantages over the reference procedure which are more rapid, simple and also reliable. Applicability of the modified methylation method was confirmed with three vegetable oil samples (palm oil, coconut oil and olive oil). Based on the validation method results, we obtained that a quite linear calibration curve of fatty acids was performed with $R^2$ in range of 0.9972-0.9994. The sensitivity of gas chromatography instrument was able to analyze the fatty acids up to a few ppm, the precision and accuracy were good enough with the %RSD between 1.5%-19.5% and the recovery of linolenic acid was 99.1% in the range of 80.0%-113.3%.

Viscosity Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil with Ultrasonic Energy Irradiation

  • Kim, Tae Han;Han, Jung Keun
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제37권6호
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    • pp.429-433
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    • 2012
  • Purpose: While rapeseed oil, soy bean oil, palm oil and waste cooking oil are being used for biodiesel, the viscosity of them should be lowered for fuel. The most widely used method of decreasing the viscosity of vegetable oil is to convert the vegetable oil into fatty acid methyl ester but is too expensive. This experiment uses ultrasonic energy, instead of converting the vegetable oil into fatty acid methyl ester, to lower the viscosity of the waste cooking oil. Methods: For irradiation treatment, the sample in a beaker was irradiated with ultrasonic energy and the viscosity and temperature were measured with a viscometer. For heating treatment, the sample in a beaker was heated and the viscosity and temperature were measured with a viscometer. Kinematic viscosity was calculated by dividing absolute viscosity with density. Results: The kinematic viscosity of waste cooking oil and cooking oil are up to ten times as high as that of light oil at room temperature. However, the difference of two types of oil decreased by four times as the temperature increased over $83^{\circ}C$. When the viscosity by the treatment of ultrasonic energy irradiation was compared to one by the heating treatment to the waste cooking oil, the viscosity by the treatment of ultrasonic energy irradiation was lower by maximum of 22% and minimum of 12%, than one by the heating treatment. Conclusions: Ultrasonic energy irradiation lowered the viscosity more than the heating treatment did, and ultrasonic energy irradiation has an enormous effect on fuel reforming.

혼합 유채유의 가열산화에 관한 연구 (The Study on the Thermal Oxidation of Mixed Rapeseed Oil with Coconut and Palm Oil)

  • 현영희
    • 한국식품영양학회지
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    • 제15권4호
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    • pp.342-349
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    • 2002
  • 유채유에 코코넛유와 팜유를 각각 30%, 50%, 70%의 비율로 단순혼합한 혼합유와 ester 교환에 의한 혼합유를 제조하였고, 180$\pm$5$^{\circ}C$에서 가열산화시키면서 산값, 과산화물값, 요오드값, 공액이중산값 및 굴절율의 변화를 측정한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 코코넛유의 산값은 25시간 가열 시까지 증가하였다가 그 이후 다소 낮아진 경향을 보였다. 또한 혼합비율에 따라 커다란 차이는 없었으나, 코코넛유와 혼합인 경우 코코넛유보다 낮은 산값을 보여주었다. 2. Ester교환에 의한 혼합유의 과산화물 초기값이 단순혼합유의 초기값보다 다소 높게 나타났으나, 증가폭에 있어서는 커다란 차이가 없었다. 코코넛유와 팜유의 혼합비율에 따라서 커다란 차이를 보이지 않았으나 혼합유의 경우가 유채유보다 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 3. 코코넛유와 팜유의 혼합시에 요오드 값의 감소가 나타났으나, 혼합방법이 요오드값의 감소현상에 크게 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 4. 코코넛유와 팜유의 혼합비율이 증가함에 따라 공액이중산값의 증가폭이 다소 작아지는 현상이 나타났다. 단순혼합유와 ester 교환에 의한 혼합유의 차이는 ester교환에 의한 혼합유의 초기값이 단순혼합유의 초기값보다 다소 높은 경향이었으며 35시간 가열후의 증가폭은 커다란 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 5. 코코넛유와 팜유의 혼합비율이 증가됨에 따라서는 큰 차이 없이 비슷한 정도의 굴절율 증가를 나타내고 있었다. 혼합방법의 차이에 따른 굴절율은 ester 교환에 의 한 혼합유가 단순혼합유보다 초기값에서 다소 낮은 굴절율 값을 보였다. 유채유를 포화지방산의 함량이 큰 유지와 혼합하면 유채유의 산화 안정성이 향상되는 것으로 나타났으며, 혼합방법에 따라 산화 안정성에 미치는 영향이 거의 없으므로 코코넛유나 팜유 같은 유지를 유채유에 혼합하면 튀김유로의 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

팜중부유를 이용한 대칭형 Palmitoyl-Oleoyl-Stearoyl Triacylglycerol의 효소적 합성 반응 연구 (A Study of the Enzymatic Interesterification Reaction for Producing Palmitoyl-Oleoyl-Stearoyl Triacylglycerol from the Palm Mid Fraction)

  • 이선모;신정아;홍순택;이기택
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제40권8호
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    • pp.1113-1120
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는 palm mid fraction(PMF)와 stearic ethyl ester를 기질로 Lipozyme TLIM을 이용한 에스테르 교환반응을 실시하였으며 기질의 몰 비율과 효소양 및 시간에 따른 TAG 조성 변화와 함께 POS 구성율 및 acyl migration 정도를 알아보았다. sn-2 위치에서의 주요 지방산 조성 변화는 몰 비율과 효소양, 반응시간이 증가할수록 C18:1은 점차 감소하였고, C16:0과 C18:0은 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 변화는 특히 반응시간이 증가함에 따라 두드러지게 나타났으며 acyl migration 생성과 관계가 깊은 것으로 예측되었다. 그 결과 총 포화지방산의 함량은 최고 37.4 area%까지 증가한 수치를 보였다. 반응 합성물의 주요 TAG 조성으로는 POP, POS, SOS와 같은 대칭형 구조의 TAG가 확인되었으며 반응이 진행됨에 따라 POP는 감소하고 POS가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Acyl migration과 POS 함량을 고려하였을 때 몰 비율 1:2, 효소양 3 wt%, 5시간 반응 조건에서 POS는 53.5 area%의 높은 함량을 보였으며 이때 총 포화지방산함량은 반응 전 11.9 area%와 비교하여 약 2배 증가한 23.1 area%를 나타내었다. 한편, 전체 반응 조건 중 가장 높은 POS 함량은 55.4 area%의 수치를 보였는데, 이후 몰 비율과 효소양의 증가와 더불어 반응시간이 지속되었음에도 불구하고 POS는 오히려 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 반응이 진행되면서 acyl migration에 의해 sn-2 위치에 palmitic acid와 stearic acid가 전이된 PPS, PSS, SSS와 같은 TAG의 생성도 증가함을 알 수 있었다.