• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.4 s.32
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• pp.129-142
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• 2002

The Kyeongbok Palace was completely renewed during the reign of King Sejong, the fourth King of the Joseon Dynasty(1392-1910). The repair was done for the two main purpose; one was to obtain the dignity of the main palace of the dynasty, the other was to make the palace suitable for the performing of the various ritual ceremonies. It was under the reign of King Sejong that every detail of the procedure of the royal ritual ceremony. The procedure of ritual ceremony changed the buildings of the palace. The quarter of Sajeong-jeon, King's office, was changed remarkably from the original form as the building became the beginning and ending point of King's moving during the ritual ceremonies. The site of the palace had ill reputation from the point of geomancy since its establishment. King Sejong ignored the rumor and kept the palace as usual. In his later year's, Sejong had tried to build a detached quarter and a Buddhist shrine in the palace. But he had to give up his plan because of the retainer's strong opposition. The original layout of the Kyeongbok Palace could be remained as the King renounced his controversial personal wish. King Sejong deserves a full credit for the establishment of the Kyeongbok Palace as the main palace of the Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.1 s.41
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• pp.71-87
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• 2005

4 royal palaces are currently remained from capital city (Seoul) of 'Cho-Sun(朝鮮)' period. In these palaces, 'Main hall of Royal Palace(正殿)' is the center of the Royal Palaces. The 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal Palace was the best building of that time. Therefore there were many studies about the 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. But these studies were individual studies of these 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. Therefore, this study is to analyze and compare 4 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal palaces. It is to study the proportion regarding the Diameter of the pillar, the Height, the pillar and pillar Interval's Distance, and the arrangement of 'Kong-Po(bracket sets)'. With these studies, it is to prove that the 'Main hall of Royal Palace' is the building which high construction technique of this time is expressed. Result of this study is as followings; First, the proportion of pillar height(H) to its diameter(D) average from H=8.0 to 8.5D. Only the Myeong-Jeong-Jeon omitted the 'Go-Ju(高柱)' in the 'Toi-Kan (退間)' to place Ea-Jwa(御座). Second, Second, the proportion of diameter of the pillar of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(外部平柱)' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju(內陣高柱)' average D1(Diameter of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju') =0.91D2 (Diameter of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju'). In regards to the height, the single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' and double floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' seems to be different. The height proportion of the double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' is H1(Height of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju')=0.34H2(Height of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju') and single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' has a proportion of H1=0.62H2. Third, in Geun-Jeong-Jeon, with the proportion of height and diameter of the pillar, interval's distance between pillars and diameter, the pillar interval distance and height, of 'Ea-kan(御間)' from the 'Toi-Kan' is different from 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. This is because the structure of 'Toi-Kan' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon is not stable. In order to reinforce this, 'Gui-Go-Ju(隅高柱)' of the Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to In-Jeong-Jeon. Fourth, when comparing double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon and In-Jeong-Jeon, based on distance of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju' of lower level, the 'Sang-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(上部平柱)' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to the In-Jeong-Jeon and also It becomes thicker. Fifth, the arrangement of 'Kong-Po' on the front row of 'Gan(間)' had to do with the change of side 'Gan'. Even though the Geun-Jeong-Jeon and the In-Jeong-Jeon were double floors, the arrangement of the 'Kong-Po' is different because the number of side bay is different.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2010

Seungjeongwon Ilgi["承政院日記"], the Diaries of Royal Secretariat of the Joeson Dynasty is the most massive compilation of records in Korean history. Medical records in Seungjeongwon Ilgi have been studied but the procedures of clinical discussion[議藥] have not yet been studied. In this paper, main agents of clinical discussion, formation of participant doctor system, particularity of clinical discussion in Royal Court and problems derived from it will be discussed. Main agents of clinical discussion were court doctors[內醫], royal doctors[御醫] and participant doctors[議藥同參]. The king himself decided ultimately as a matter of form. Head of the Medical Dpt. of the Palace[藥房都提調] was in charge of attending to king, but head of the court doctor[首醫] led the actual discussion of deciding treatment. The Medical Dpt. of the Palace[內醫院] was divided into three sectors-court doctor division, acupuncture doctor division and participant doctor division. Palace doctors payed a great attention to avoid serious error. This tendency led them occasionally to passive management. Sometimes aggressive treatment is needed in the course of treating disease, but palace doctors tended to choose slow and gradual methods. It induced minor conflict between palace doctors and participant doctors from outside palace, because doctors from outside palace subordinated effectiveness. Their opinion had not been always recognized by court doctors. However, their role was meaningful because they provided flexibility to the rigidity of clinical discussion in the palace. It is important to evaluate clinical records in Seungjeongwon Ilgi["承政院日記"]. If we have broader eye on the clinical procedure in the palace, we can estimate the value of the contents more objectively and accurately.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2014

During the Joseon Dynasty, Injeongjeon area at Changdeokgung Palace was a core space in which major state affairs took place. Since founded in 1405, the Injeongjeon area's spatial composition has been changed while it was repeatedly burned down and rebuilt several times. However, despite many studies and researches on the Chandeokgung Palace and the Injeongjeon area, the changes of the area in the 20th century have not been examined thoroughly. This study attempts to find out the procedure and purposes of the remodeling of the Injeongjeon area in 1908. It is possible to presume that the motif of this remodeling construction, worked out by the Residency-General, was to transform the area similar to Ekkensho or Audience Hall area at Meiji Palace regarding the following facts: only Japaneses' participation in the construction, renaming the area as Alhyunso (Ekkensho), and involvement of Ito Hirobumi. Comparing plans of the remodeled Injeongjeon area at the Chandeokgung Palace with the Ekkensho area at the Meiji Palace, we can confirm this presumption and suggest the possibility that the Residency-General wanted to reduce the majesty and power of the Joseon Dynasty's Palace by this remodeling.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.43-64
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• 2008

Kyeongbokgung succeeded in regaining its status as a royal palace after the reconstruction that began in the second year of King Gojong(1865) only to have most of its buildings taken down in the early 20th century. Fortunately, however, there is the Pukkwoldohyong(Map of North Palace), which drew out each of the buildings of Kyeongbokgung and their arrangement in details in 1907 when the royal palace lost its original appearance. And there is another plot plan of the royal palace at the Korea University Museum, which labeled it Kyeongbokgung-Baechido(Planning Map of Kyeongbokgung Palace). The map presents almost the same plan as Pukkwoldohyong in terms of making and expressive methods, being estimated to have been made in 1888 since its building arrangement doesn't show the changes made after 1890. The map also offers more information about the uses of each building than Pukkwoldohyong and matches the excavation results of the relics. Kyeongbokgung-Jeondo(Map of Kyeongbokgung Palace), which is recorded to be made during the reconstruction of the palace in the early years of King Gojong in historical materials, describes the shapes and arrangements of the buildings in a concrete and realistic fashion. The Kyeongbokgung-Baechido seems to be one of the plans made in the process of restoring and repairing buildings that were lost or destroyed in fire. The Kyeongbokgung-Baschido has the following historic values; 1) it provides dues to estimate the early state of the palace after the reconstruction during the reign of King Gojong. In fact the Sujeongjeon and Heungbokjeon show the early state of the reconstruction; 2) it contains data with which to understand the changes to the palace after 1890, around which they added Hamhwadang and Jibokjae; and 3) it offers information about the uses of the palace's buildings from 1885 to 1880 with its descriptions of the building purposes and relationships regarding the life in the palace.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.120-126
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• 2001

The Haidian Garden of Zhongguancun Science and Technology Zone is an area with high intellectual intensity. It is therefore known as China's Silicon Valley. The Summer Palace, a World Heritage Site, sits in the northwest part of it. 250 years ago, the construction of imperial gardens in this area, including the Summer Palace, gave birth to the appearance and prosperity of the town of Haidian. This will also provide various opportunities for the growth of the science and technology. Today the green space, the cultural and ecological environment of the Summer Palace, and its 3-kilometer buffer zone are becoming one important strategic factor for the Haidian Garden to attract talents, improve international competitiveness and realize sustainable development. How to taking advantage of the favorable resources, to achieve balance between protection of the environment around the Summer Palace and urban development, will be of great importance in the future plans of the science and technology.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.87-100
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to find the bases for the restoration of traditional Palace gardening by chronologically analyzing the change of space in Changduk Palace. The result of analyzing archives and Dongguldo is that the most of present spaces are considerably differ from the spaces of traditional Palace. But the backyard of Palace was not greatly damaged and the spaces of Injungjun and Daejojun was immediatly restored.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.2 s.15
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• pp.9-27
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• 1998

It could be said that the Kyongbok Palace, the main palace of the Chosun Dynasty which built in the early years of the Dynasty, had two main architectural characters. One ; the entire building complex was arranged under the influence of ancient Chinese building principle based on the Confucian ideas. Two ; building compositions and shape of each buildings were succeeded from the palace of the former Koryo Dynasty, especially on the latter periods of it. The architecture of the Kyongbok Palace had formed its own uniqueness by developing these two characters.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

The ancient North-East Asian royal garden is divided into three types, located in the north inside the palace, in the north outside the palace, and in the south inside or outside the palace, depending on the location relationship between the royal capital and the royal palace. The first is a typical royal garden that follows the ancient Chinese court system of the Chao-hu-chim(前朝後寢). The second is a royal garden located independently of the royal palace, which extends to Geumwon(禁苑). The third is located in the south of royal palace and is the royal garden specialized in Yurak(遊樂) or Hyangyeon(饗宴). The types of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens are classified according to the relationship between main palace(正宮) and secondary palace(別宮), detached palace(離宮), and Geumwon(禁苑), and each has unique characteristics. The first has been established as the garden of the main palace, including the royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟), Han Chang'an capital(漢 長安城), BeiWei Luoyang capital(北魏 洛陽城), Jiankang capital in Southern Dynasties(南朝 建康城), and Daminggong(大明宮) in Tang Dynasty. Here, the royal garden is divided into Naewon(內苑) inside the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑), outside the royal palace. On the other hand, the second is the royal garden that the royal palace and Geumwon(禁苑) are united. The third is the royal garden that forms part of the royal palace or is independent of the royal palace, and has been specialized as a secondary palace(別宮) and detached palace(離宮). China created the model of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens, and based on this, Baekje, Silla, and Japan of Korea influenced each other and developed a unique palace by showing their originality. The royal garden at Wanggung-ri site in Iksan(益山 王宮里 遺蹟) was influenced by royal gardens of Wei-Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties(魏晉南北朝). And royal gardens of the Sabi Capital(泗沘都城) were influenced by royal gardens of Jin(秦), Han(漢), Sui(隋), and Tang(唐), and royal gardens of Silla(新羅) were influenced by the royal gardens of Baekje(百濟) and Silla. However, each of these royal gardens also has its own unique characteristics. From this aspect, it can be seen that the ancient North-East Asian court had different lineages depending on the region. Anhakgung Palace in Pyongyang(平壤 安鶴宮) is more likely to be viewed as the Three Kingdoms period than the Goryeo Dynasty. However, it is difficult to raise it to the 5th and 6th centuries due to the overlapping relationship and relics of the lower part of Anhakgung Palace(安鶴宮), and it is generally presumed to be the middle of the 7th century. The royal garden at Anhakgung Palace is a secondary palace(別宮) or detached palace(離宮) that corresponds to the palace of Jang-an capital(長安城) in Pyongyang and is believed to have influenced Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) and Donggung(東宮) and Wolji(月池) in Gyeongju. From this point of view, Dongwon garden(東院庭園) of Heijokyu(平城宮) seems to be related to the palaces of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. This study has many limitations as it focuses on its characteristics and transitions due to the location of the palace in the large framework of ancient North-East Asian royal capital. If these limitations are resolved little by little, it is expected that the understanding of ancient North-East Asian royal gardens will be much wider.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.52-64
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• 2015

This study was carried out investigation of characteristics palace gardens representing historical background, political and cultural identity in Korea, China, and Japan. It had been done a comparative analysis in formation, location and site layout, site composition, landscape elements and planning, landscape technique and vista for palace gardens in East asia's three countries. In order to process this study, Changdeokgung Palace in Korea, Summer Palace in China and Sento Imperial Palace in Japan were selected based on similar status. therefore it provide theoretical foundation to investigate the identity of palace gardens in three countries. Furthermore the study determined homogeneity(similarity) and heterogeneity(differentiation) of the characteristics between palace gardens in three countries through the in-depth comparative analysis in order to investigate identity of palace gardens in three countries and to present the value of Korean palace garden. Homogeneity and heterogeneity between palace gardens in three countries deducted from the study were summarized as follows; First, it shows indigenous style of Korean garden throughout adapting natural terrain without natural destruction. Second, various symbolic elements which ie reflected East asian ideologies present in the gardens. Chinese thoughts and technique were influenced in the development of palace garden in Korea and implemented in similar ways of China. Homogeneity of utilizing waterscape could be found in three countries. Lastly, Palace garden in Changdeokgung had played a role as cultural place with taste for the arts rather than representing authority of the throne. It appears to be similar in China and Japan. The reason how Korea, China and Japan established their own independent style is that each palace garden had been developed to embrace indigenous culture with introduced elements even though they were closely bound up with culture.