• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.5-20
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to assess the value-of post-operative treatment in terms of nursing care in the allevation of pain. More specifically, the effects of supportive touch and patient education were examined. On the date before each patient's operation, the Bevels of anxiety, depression and affiliation were examined. The post-operative treatment was adminis. tered after an initial measurement of the patient's fain, according to the experimental category for the three days following the operation. On the final day, the level of anxiety and depression were again measured. The subjects of this study were 138 patient from the general surgical and gynecological wards in H university Hospital in Seoul. The study was conducted over a three-month period from June 24, 1984 to September 18, 1984. All patients had undergone laparatomies. Various standard instruments were used to measure the pain, anxiety, depression and affiliation levels. for pain, 5 grate Simple Descriptive Scale, and the Mclachlan four-range Observational Pain Scale were employed. For anxiety and depression, respectively the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory (B.D.I.) were used. Lastly, the affiliation was determined by the Mehrabian Affiliation Scale. The outcome of the research was as follows: 1. The first hypothesis concerning the existence of lower pain levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the pain levels of Control Croup C was not supported. 2. The second hypothesis concerning the existence if lower anxiety levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the anxiety levels of Control Group C was supported at the level of F=3.58 (p=.03). 3. The third hypothesis concerning the existence of lower depression levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the depression levels of Control Group C was not supported. 4. The fourth hypothesis concerning the existence of different levels of pain in accordance with the levels of affiliation in Experimental Group A was not supported. 5. A positive correlation did exist between pain and anxiety after surgery (r=.34, p=.0001). Thus, the fifth hypothesis was supported. 6. A positive correlation did exist between pain and depression following surgery(r=.36, p=.0001). Thus, the sixth hypothesis was supported. Based on the above results, it was found that supportive touch and patient education either through human sources or via tape recorder do influence the anxiety of a patient after surgery, that a Positive correlation between pain, anxiety and deparession exist, that affiliation does not alter the influence of supportive touch, and that the graph on which pain levels were depicted indicates the possibility of development even if the effects of supportive touch did not reach a meaningful level. Thus it can be concluded that patient education, regardless of its form, is essential for the patient after surgery and that supportive touch, when reasonably modified and supplemented, can be an effective method of alleviating pain.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.299-303
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• 2013

Anesthesia, which started being used to remove pain during surgery, has become itself one of the major concerns to be considered during surgery. While actual anesthesia is being performed, patients tend to have unpleasant experiences, due to wakening that accompanies pain, or wakening that does not accompany pain. Since this awakening during anesthesia is a most unpleasant experience in a patient's life, evaluating the depth of anesthesia during surgery is essential for patients to avoid this experience. Although there has been much effort on the understanding and measurement of the depth of anesthesia, while various researches were performed on the need of anesthesia, the development of an indicator that could objectively evaluate the depth of anesthesia, other than by using the patient's vital signs, is still inadequate. Therefore, this study was to develop an objective indicator by using EEG and ECG, which are essentially measured during the surgery, to evaluate the depth of anesthesia. The experiment was performed by taking patients who require a relatively short operation time, and general inhalation anesthetics among surgical patients in obstetrics and gynecology as the subjects of experiment, to measure the EEG and ECG signals of patients under anesthetics. The result showed that SEF using EEG and LF, HF using ECG signal and correlation dimension analysis parameter were valuable parameters that could measure the depth of anesthesia, by the stage of anesthesia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.350-356
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• 2020

Purpose: This study is a non-equilibrium control-like experimental study that attempts to develop a nursing intervention plan and to present basic data by grasping the effect of the heating therapy nursing intervention program on patients entering the recovery room after surgery. Method: The subjects of the study were 31 in an experimental group and 31 in a control group who applied one heating therapy program located in D city. The warming therapy was conducted in a recovery room in the range of 38 to 43℃ through a heater. The general characteristics of the subjects were determined by real number and percentage, and a homogeneity test between the experimental group and the control group was determined by 𝑥²-test and independent t-test. The difference in body temperature, pain, and tremor over time between the two groups was determined by repeated measure ANOVA. Results: First, the results of repeated measurements immediately after surgery showed significant differences in body temperature, pain, and tremor between the two groups. Second, temperature comfort showed a significant difference. Conclusion: The results confirmed that there was a positive effect on the patient in the intervention of warming therapy after surgery.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.343-349
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• 2012

Objective : Pedicle-based dynamic stabilization systems, in which semi-rigid rods or cords are used to restrict or control spinal segmental motion, aim to reduce or eliminate the drawbacks associated with rigid fusion. In this study, we analyzed the two-year clinical outcomes of patients treated with the NFlex (Synthes Spine, Inc.), a pedicle-based dynamic stabilization system. Methods : Five sites participated in a retrospective study of 72 consecutive patients who underwent NFlex stabilization. Of these 72 patients, 65 were available for 2-year follow-up. Patients were included based on the presence of degenerative disc disease (29 patients), degenerative spondylolisthesis (16 patients), lumbar stenosis (9 patients), adjacent segment degeneration (6 patients), and degenerative lumbar scoliosis (5 patients). The clinical outcome measures at each assessment were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to measure back pain, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) to measure functional status. Radiographic assessments included evidence of instrumentation failure or screw loosening. Results : Sixty-five patients (26 men and 39 women) with a mean age of 54.5 years were included. Mean follow-up was 25.6 months. The mean VAS score improved from 8.1 preoperatively to 3.8 postoperatively, representing a 53% improvement, and the ODI score from 44.5 to 21.8, representing a 51% improvement. Improvements in pain and disability scores were statistically significant. Three implant-related complications were observed. Conclusion : Posterior pedicle-based dynamic stabilization using the NFlex system seems effective in improving pain and functional scores, with sustained clinical improvement after two years. With appropriate patient selection, it may be considered an effective alternative to rigid fusion.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2015

Prolonged sitting can contribute to low back pain. The lumbar taping can be applied to correct the sitting posture. This study aimed to investigate the effect of lumbar taping on lumbar kinematics and the muscle activities of multifidus (MF) and internal oblique in the individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) as they type for 30 minutes. Nineteen subjects with NSCLBP (9 people in non taping group and 10 people in taping group) were recruited. Lumbar taping was applied to the taping group before typing. Both groups started typing in a neutral sitting position with their feet on the floor. The change of posture and S2 posterior tilting (S2P) were measured to investigate kinematic data. Three sensors were attached on T12, L3, and S2 to identify the change of posture. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activities. Palpation meter was used to standardize the angle of pelvic tilt in sagittal plane before typing. All instruments were used to measure each data before and after typing. Independent t-test was used to compare the changing values of lumbar kinematics and muscle activities before and after typing between both groups. The changing values of S2P and change of posture of L3 and S2 were significantly smaller in the taping group compared to the non taping group (p<.05). The changing value of muscle activities of MF between before and after typing was significantly smaller in the taping group compared to the non taping group (p<.05). In conclusion, the lumbar taping during the 30-minute typing task can be applied to maintain correct sitting posture in the lumbar and pelvis and to maintain activation of MF.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2012

The aim is to investigate the analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) on central neuropathic pain(CNP) in spinal cord contusive rat model. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats($250{\pm}50$ g, male) were used. Thoracic spinal cord(T10) was contused using New York University(NYU) spinal cord impactor. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups; GroupI: Non-treatment after SCI induction(n=10), GroupII: application of tDCS(0.1 mA, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/6week) after SCI induction(n=10). Assess the effect of tDCS using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan(BBB) locomotor rating scales, Touch $test^{TM}$ sensory evaluator(TTSE), Plantar test$^{\circledR}$after contusion at the $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, $4^{th}$, $5^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week and the immunohistochemistric response of c-fos in the thalamus, cerebral cortex after contusion at the $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI. The scores of BBB scales were significantly different from $3^{rd}$week. TTSE were different significantly over time, but there were no differences at each evaluation times on between-measure time effects. Plantar test were different significantly over time and there were difference at the $4^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI on between-measure time effects. Also, immunohistochemistric response of c-fos was reduced significantly from $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI in tDCS group compared with control group in thalamus and cortex. These results identified that tDCS of non-invasive therapeutic method may have beneficial analgesic effect on CNP after SCI with behavioral test and immunohistochemical test.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.559-563
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• 2013

Background One of the reasons women with macromastia chose to undergo a breast reduction is to relieve their complaints of back, neck, and shoulder pain. We hypothesized that changes in posture after surgery may be the reason for the pain relief and that patient posture may correlate with symptomatic macromastia and may serve as an objective measure for complaints. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of reduction mammaplasty on the posture of women with macromastia. Methods A prospective controlled study at a university medical center. Forty-two patients that underwent breast reduction were studied before surgery and an average of 4.3 years following surgery. Thirty-seven healthy women served as controls. Standardized lateral photos were taken. The inclination angle of the back was measured. Regression analysis was performed for the inclination angle. Results Preoperatively, the mean inclination angle was 1.61 degrees ventrally; this diminished postoperatively to 0.72 degrees ventrally. This change was not significant (P-value=0.104). In the control group that angle was 0.28 degrees dorsally. Univariate regression analysis revealed that the inclination was dependent on body mass index (BMI) and having symptomatic macromastia; on multiple regression it was only dependent on BMI. Conclusions The inclination angle of the back in breast reduction candidates is significantly different from that of controls; however, this difference is small and probably does not account for the symptoms associated with macromastia. Back inclination should not be used as a surrogate "objective" measure for symptomatic macromastia.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 2009

Although Chronic tension-type headache(CTTH) is one of the most common symptom in primary headache, there is no definite mechanisms. But muscular factors and psychological factors is supposed to be related with CTTH according to many other studies and pressure pain threshold(PPT) is used to measure muscular factors. Methods 1. We performed this study with 63 patients fulfilling the International Headache Societ criteria for chronic tension-type headache and 20 healthy control group and measured the PPT of temporal muscle and trapezius muscle. 2. We investigated the correlation between clinical characteristic and PPT. 3. Each of the CTTH groups and Control group is divided to four group again - HNP, Spondylosis, Sprain, Normal according to Cervical spine X-ray. Results 1. The PPT of temporal muscle and trapezius muscle in the CTTH is significantly lower than that of Control. 2. In CTTH group, the PPT has significant positive relation with duration of headache and continued time of headache. And the PPT has significant inverse relation with Frequency of headache and Level of headache. 3. In CTTH group, spondylosis group has the highest PPT and normal group is second. And there are significant difference between spondylosis group and the others. Conclusion : We found that PPT is strongly significant to measure muscular factor in CTTH.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1750-1755
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• 2019

Background: Most of the previous researches on the abnormality of breathing pattern have focused on the silence of functional movements owing to such abnormality, however, have not been clearly identified the relationship between the abnormal breathing pattern on one hand and kinesiophobia and flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) on the other hand. Objective: To compare patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and healthy person in the abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP during flexion and extension of the trunk. Design: Case-control study. Methods: The research subjects consisted of a group of 15 healthy adults and another group of 15 patients with CLBP. Capnography was used to measure the endtidal $CO_2$ ($EtCO_2$) and respiratory quotient (RQ). The muscle activity of multifidus and erector spinae of the subjects was measured during flexion and extension of the trunk to identify their FRP. The Nijmegen Questionnaire (NQ) and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) were utilized to measure their breathing patterns and kinesiophobia, respectively. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test was conducted in order to analyze the normal distribution of the measured data. Their general characteristics were identified by the descriptive statistics and the independent t-test was performed to identify the differences between the two groups in terms of abnormality of breathing pattern, kinesiophobia, and FRP. The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: The patients with CLBP had significantly less $EtCO_2$ and shorter breathing hold time (BHT) than normal healthy person (p<.05). The patient with CLBP also had significantly greater kinesiophobia than healthy person (p<.05), and had less FRP than the healthy person (p<.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that the CLBP had greater abnormality of breathing pattern and kinesiophobia with less FRP than healthy person.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the change in pain threshold of levator scapular muscle, carniovertebral angle, and head position angle when applying a head-weight device on healthy adult. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted with 21 healthy adult male and female who voluntarily agreed to participate in this study after being informed of the purpose and method of this study. After measuring the cervical angle and pain threshold of levator scapular muscle, subject was instructed to walk for 5 minutes on a treadmill at a speed of less than 5 km/h while wearing after wearing head-weight device of 0.5 kg. Then, cervical spine angle and pain threshold of levator scapula muscle were re-measured. Measurement of cervical spine angle was conducted with photo by using the Bluebeam Revu software and the pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) were measured using an electronic algometer over potential trigger points on the body. Results: The results cervical angle showed a significant change, from $49.62^{\circ}$ to $52.10^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). PPT showed a significant change, from 30.71 to 36.89 (p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that applying head-weight device has a positive influence on increasing cervical angle and reducing pain when applied as a therapeutic intervention method of forward head posture.