• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1333-1346
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• 2000

This study is a methodical research to develop a health behavior assessment scale for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The research procedure was as follows; 1) The first step was to develop conceptual framework based on a comprehensive review of the literature, in-depth interviews patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This conceptual framework was organized in eight dimensions; pain management, exercise, rest, diet control, active committment, self-management, positive thinking, interpersonal maintenance. Initially 56 items were selected from 164 statement. 2) These items were reviewed by panel of eight specialists and the Index of Content validity (CVI) was calculated, and forty six items were selected which met more than 70% on the CVI. 3) 174 rheumatoid arthritis pateints were interviewed, and data was gathered from Jan. 25 to Feb. 18, 1999 for test reliabilities and validities of the scale. The item analysis was carried out and 40 items were selected. Factor analysis by varimax rotation was carried out to test construct validity. The internal consistency by chronbach's $\alpha$ was calculated. The findings were as follows; 1) Item analysis and factor analysis were carried out to test the validity of the health behavior assessment scale. The item analysis was based on the corrected item`s to total correlation coefficient (.30 or more), and information about the alpha estimate. However, this was only if this item was deleted from the scale. As a result of the item analysis, forty items were selected. Thirty items were selected by a initial factor analysis by varimax rotation, and ten items were deleted because of factor complexity. In the secondary factor analysis, eight factors were labled as 'positive thinking', 'exercise', 'rest', 'pain management', 'active committment', 'self-management', 'diet control', and 'interpersonal maintenance', each similar with the conceptual framework. 2) Chronbach's $\alpha$ coefficient to test reliability of the scale was. 903 for total the thirty items. The Scale for assessing health behavior developed in this study was identified to be a tool with a high degree of reliability and validity. Therefore this scale can be effectively utilized for assessment in the health behaviors of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2013

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a severe form of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), presenting gradual breakdown of articular cartilage and subchondral bone by the functional load sustained to exceed the physiologic tolerance of the joint. In such a joint loaded, offensive bioactive materials such as matrix degrading proteins, cytokines, and free radicals increase in concentration to shift the tissue response in the joint to degeneration from regeneration or remodeling. Recently, it has been issued that obesity can play an offensive role in pathogenesis of OA in a metabolic way. Adipokines released by adipose cells are present at higher concentration in the arthritic joint and joints of obese individuals. However, because of conflicting data reported, further scientific study should be performed to elucidate the practical role of adipokines in pathogenesis of TMJ OA. As far as the clinical signs and symptoms of TMJ OA are not much different from those of other forms of TMD and any definitive treatment modality to control directly the bone resorptive activity is not available yet, the treatment of TMJ OA should be directed to reduce the physical load and enhance the physiologic tolerance of the joint by means of conservative treatment such as physical therapy, medication, and occlusal splint therapy for sufficient period and, if needed after that, supplementary surgical procedure such as intra-articular injection, arthrocenthesis, and arthroscopic surgery that have turned out to be effective to control OA signs and symtpoms. Enthusiastic reassurance and motivation for patients to control behaviors for themselves to reduce unnecessary functional load in daily life is very important for the joint to reach to more favorable orthopedic stability of the TMJ more quickly, guaranteeing more successful management TMJ OA.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.325-332
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the oral health status of elderly under visiting health care and their oral health-related quality of life. The subjects were 300 elderly under visiting health care program over 65 years old in Asan city and they were interviewed. The result showed that average Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) score was 37.36 and the lowest scored question was 'never satisfied with the oral condition'. In GOHAI related to oral health behaviors, unmet dental treatment experience was statistically significant (p<0.001). In overall GOHAI, number of remaining teeth (p<0.001) and the age had statistical significance and men had higher score in pain and discomfort (p<0.05), under age of 74 limited function factors score was high (p<0.01). The number of remaining teeth had statistical significances in most factors except pain and discomfort (p<0.001). The factors affecting GOHAI were age (p<0.05), number of remaining teeth (p<0.001) and perceived health state (p<0.001). In order to improve oral health-related quality of life of elderly receiving visiting oral health care services, it is necessary to increase denture support by securing budgets and developing oral health promotion programs at the local government level.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 2009

The study distributed the total 210 questionnaires to women of childbearing age in Seoul, Gyeonggi and North Chungcheng from March 26, 2008 to April 16, 2008 and made them draw up them directly. The study applied 208 copies excepting two copies not suitable to data process to data analysis. The purpose of the study was to investigate/analyze awareness of dental treatment, oral health conditions and oral health management during the period of pregnancy and to serve the analyzed data as basic data of oral health education program development to improve expectant mothers' behaviors of oral health management: 1. According to the survey by age with regard to a question 'Should expectant mothers take dental treatment during the period of pregnancy?', women of 18~29 years old (41.9%) and more than 50 years old (52.0%) answered 'They should not take dental treatment'. Women of 30~39 years old (53.6%) and 40~49 years old (54.7%) answered 'They should take dental treatment'. According to pregnant experience, expectant mothers (63.9%) and women with their parity (46.3%) answered 'They should take dental treatment'. 34.8% women without their parity answered 'They should take dental treatment' and 34.8% women with Out their parity answered 'They should not take dental treatment'(p < 0.05). 2. According to the survey by age with regard to a question 'Do you brush your teeth lifter having morning sickness during the period of pregnancy?', women of 18~29 years old (67.3%), 30~39 years old (47.3%) answered 'Brush my teeth' and women of 40~49 years old (51.0%) and more than 50 years old (52.0%) answered 'Don't brush my teeth'(p < 0.001). According to pregnant experience, expectant mothers (72.2%) and women with their parity (43.0%) answered 'Brush my teeth'(p < 0.05). 3. With regard to a question 'Are oral aid hygiene supplies required?', women of 18~29 years old (47.3%) and 30~39 years old (46.4%) answered 'Required' and women of 40~49 years old (41.5%) and more than 50 years old (48.0%) answered 'do not know'(p < 0.05). 4. According to the survey by age with regard to a question 'What are you anxious about during the period of dental treatment?', women of more than 50 years old (56.0%) answered 'Expenses' and women of 18~29 years old (39.2%), 30~39 years old (44.6%) and 40~49 years old (41.5%) answered 'Pain'(p < 0.05). According to pregnant experience, expectant mothers answered 'Pain (38.9%), abort ion (27.8%) and expenses (22.2%)' and women with their parity, answered 'Pain (45.0%), expenses (22.8%) and abortion (14.8%). Women without their parity answered 'Expenses (52.2%) and pain (13.0%)'(p < 0.05).

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.267-279
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• 2014

Objective: The objective of this study was to define the Dynamic Sitting (DS) through trend analysis and research on the Dynamic Chair (DC) and applied technologies. Background: The effects of changing posture on the human body have been studied to find out healthy sitting postures. It is believed that changing posture is effective in reducing disc pressure on spinal cord and preventing back pain and musculoskeletal disease. But, the definition of DS and trends of DC have not been researched yet. Therefore, trend analysis of DC and its applied technologies are required to define dynamic sitting posture. Method: We researched the type of occupant postures from previous studies. And then, sitting behaviors were classified into three types; (1) sitting and standing, (2) working and studying, (3) taking a rest. Results: Variety shapes of DC and applied technologies were found out. From the result, the trend of DC and applied technology were summarized from three perspectives. ; (1) changing the chair functions according to user's intention, (2) conversion of dynamic chair technologies to office chair mechanism, (3) enables the user to change their sitting posture without operating control device. Conclusion: From this study, we defined dynamic sitting posture and analyzed the trend of DC and its applied technologies. This result might be used to develop an office chair for healthy sitting. But further investigation is required to figure out the technologies and functions for development of healthy chair. Application: The results of the publishing trend analysis might help to determine design concept of office chair.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2008

Many recent studies suggest that the posterior dynamic stabilization(PDS) can be a more physiologically-relevant alternative to the rigid fixation for the patients suffering from low back pain. However, its biomechanical effects or clinically proven efficacies still remain unknown. In this study, we evaluated kinematic behaviors of the lower lumbar spine with the PDS system and then compared to those of the rigid fixation system using finite element (FE) analysis. A validated FE model of intact lumbar spine(L2-L5) was developed. The implanted model was then constructed after modification from the intact to simulate two kinds of pedicle screw systems (PDS and the rigid fixation). Hybrid protocol was used to flex, extend, laterally bend and axially rotate the FE model. Results showed that the PDS systems are more flexible than rigid fixation systems, yet not flexible enough to preserve motion. PDS system allowed $16.2{\sim}42.2%$ more intersegmental rotation than the rigid fixation at the implanted level. One the other hand, at the adjacent level it allowed more range of motion ($2.0%{\sim}8.3%$) than the rigid fixation. The center of rotation of the PDS model remained closer to that of the intact spine. These results suggest that the PDS system could be able to prevent excessive motion at the adjacent levels and restore the spinal kinematics.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1999

Angiosarcomas are rare tumors, seen most commonly in the skin and soft tissue of head and neck legion. But it has been described in numerous body sites including thyroid, breast, liver, spleen, bone, etc.. Their biological behaviors depend on the microscopic grade, site of origin, and multifocality. We report the unique cytological features of an angiosarcoma in pleural fluid. A 61-year-old woman presented with a 6 month history of dyspnea on exertion and chest pain. Chest computerized tomography(CT) revealed multiple subpleural small nodules in the right lung and widespread all space consolidation and pleural effusion in the left lung. CT of liver revealed multiple small low attenuated lesion. The smears obtained from pleural fluid showed hypocellularity with a hemorrhagic background. The tumor cells were highly pleomorphic oval or spindle in shape and presented singly, in loose groups, in knitted syncytial aggregates, and in acinar pattern. Their nuclei had vesicular chromatin with delineated, thick nuclear membranes and occasionally a large eosinophilic, prominent nucleolus. The cytoplasm was plump, thin or protected in spindly fashion. Almost ail tumor cells showed variable sized intracytoplasmic vacuoles and their nuclei were sometimes crescentic by a huge vacuole. Occasional binucleated tumor cells and mitotic figures were present. Cellular debris and streaky materials were identified. Needle biopsy specimen from the pleura revealed anastomosing slit-like spaces lined by pleomorphic tumor cells. The tumor cells showed a strong reactivity for CD31 and vimentin and focal weak reactivity for factor VIII-related antigen.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.553-562
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine actual conditions of smoking and alcohol drinking behaviors among high school students, so that it could recognize possible harmful effects of smoking on oral health and could give positive motivations for students to quit smoking and drinking. Methods : This research was based on self-filling survey which 1,385 high school students in metropolitan area in Korea from September 5 to October 28, 2011. Surveyed data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test and logistic analysis using SPSS WIN 12.0 program and its signification level was 0.05. Results : 1. As for smoking rate and drinking rate, boy students accounted for 11.6% and 25.4%, thereby having been higher than girl students(p<.001). It was the highest in over 180 cm(16.0%, 35.0%, p<.001) for height, in 60-under 70 kg for weight(13.4%, 23.5%, p<.001), and in a case of profession for mother's job(13.8%, 28.4%, p<.005). 2. The perceived oral symptoms had relationship with the less than 10 cigarettes of smoke (OR=2.41; 95% CI:1.31-4.41), more than 11 cigarettes of smoke (OR=3.16; 95% CI:1.42-7.00) and more than 1 bottle of alcohol (OR=1.75; 95% CI:1.00-3.06). Conclusions : This result implies that adolescents' smoking and drinking have correlation with oral health status, which makes uncomfortable sense felt given chewing along with the pain in teeth and gum. Based on the above findings, a school or community needs to reinforce education for preventing smoking and drinking and to offer environment available for practicing anti-smoking and anti-drinking plan, in order to reduce adolescents' smoking and drinking.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.134-145
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate gender related factors that influence regular exercise adherence in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: This secondary analysis study used data from the 2013~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Three hundred and eighty patients over 20 years of age and having coronary artery disease were selected for this study. Measures included questions about regular exercise, general characteristics, health behaviors, and health status. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, Rao-Scott $x^2$ statistic, and multiple logistic regression analysis with the SPSS 21.0 program. Results: The results were as follows. Men did more regular exercise than women (58.8% vs 40.1%). The multivariate-adjusted Odds Ratios (OR) for regular exercise adherence in men were 2.93 (95% CI: 1.39~6.17) for non smokers and 3.06 (95% CI: 1.53~6.13) for men with 0 to 1 comorbidities. Women had a high odds ratios of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.18~0.82) for not using alcohol and 2.10 (95% CI: 1.03~4.29) for no back pain. Conclusion: To improve regular exercise adherence in patients with coronary artery disease, it is necessary to develop different approaches considering gender.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-84
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• 2001

We recently demonstrated that bee venom (BV) injection into acupoint (i.e. Zusanli) produced more potent anti-inflammatory and antinociciptive effect in Freunds adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model as compared with that of non-acupoint injection(i.e back). However, the precise components underlying BV-induced antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully understood. Therefore, we further investigated the anti-arthritic effect of BV after extracting the whole BV according to solubility (water soluble: BVA, ethylacetate soluble: BVE). Subcutaneous BVA treatment (0.9 mg/kg/day) into Zusanli acupoint was found to dramatically inhibit paw edema and radiological change (i.e. new bone proliferation and soft tissue swelling) caused by Freunds adjuvant injection. In addition, the increase of serum interleukin-6 by RA induction was normalized by the BVA treatment as similar with that of non-arthritic animals. On the other hand, BVA therapy significantly reduced arthritis induced nociceptive behaviors (i.e., nociceptive score for mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). Furthermore, BVA treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 weeks post-adjuvant injection. However, BVE treatment (0.05 mg/kg/day) has not any anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect on RA. Based on the present results, we demonstrated that BVA might be a effective fraction in whole BV for long-term treatment of RA-induced pain and inflammation. However, it is clear necessary that further fraction study about BVA was required for elucidating an effective component of BVA.