• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This paper describes the role of ethnoecology in supporting tourism. We conducted a case study on the island of Bali (Indonesia), the famous tourism destination. We review the culture, nature and ecotourism prospects of Bali and then extend our discussion to examine the role of indigenous philosophies in building the destination’s image. Bali has a rich culture and natural resources that have been utilized and managed through an indigenous philosophy called Tri Hita Karana. Ethnoecology is widely applied and appreciated in the society and has produced Balinese cultural landscapes that have become significant tourism attractions. There has been a recent increase in tourist desire to explore genuine Balinese culture, so ethnoecology has a significant role in the quest to preserve and conserve such indigenous cultural landscapes. Ethnoecology is a key to ensuring and sustaining the images and authenticity of Bali Island. In this paper, we considered the landscape of rice paddies as a cultural landscape and resource for tourism. The structure and function of paddy terrace landscapes is based on the ethnoecology of Tri Hita Karana; therefore, in order to understand nature and ecotourism in Bali Island, knowledge of indigenous philosophy is indispensable. Cultural landscapes that link human and natural systems are not only places of natural beauty but also provide background information about the history of human adaptations to nature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.706-711
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• 1997

Low supply of water is generally the most serious factor limiting rice production. The experiment was conducted to identify the reasonable method for minimum irrigation under ridge direct seeding on dry paddy, at National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station, RDA in 1996. The results showed that the reduction ratio of irrigation water was high in order of furrow irrigation at 15-day>furrow irrigation at 10-day>flooding irrigation at 10-day>, and furrow irrigation at 5-day intervals. However, milled rice yield was high in the furrow irrigation at 5-day intervals and in flooding irrigation at 10-day intervals due to high ripened grain as compared with other treatments indicating two treatments were the most reasonable irrigation methods in terms of saving the labor cost and water supply as well as the admittable yield performance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.867-875
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• 2016

Archaea substantially contribute to global geochemical cycling and energy cycling and are impacted by land-use change. However, the response of archaeal communities to a change from upland field to paddy field has been poorly characterized. Here, soil samples were collected at two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) from one upland field and six paddy fields that were established on former upland fields at different times (1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 years before the study). Barcoded pyrosequencing was employed to assess the archaeal communities from the samples at taxonomic resolutions from phylum to genus levels. The total archaeal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness showed a significant positive correlation with the land-use change duration. Two phyla, Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota, were recorded throughout the study. Both the relative abundance and OTU richness of Euryarchaeota increased at both depths but increased more steadily at the subsurface rather than at the surface. However, these data of Crenarchaeota were the opposite. Additionally, the archaeal composition exhibited a significant relationship with C/N ratios, total phosphorus, soil pH, Olsen phosphorus, and the land-use change duration at several taxonomic resolutions. Our results emphasize that after a change from upland fields to paddy fields, the archaeal diversity and composition changed, and the duration is an important factor in addition to the soil chemical properties.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.47-61
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• 2000

Agroclimatic zoning was done for paddy rice culture in North Korea based on a simulation experiment. Daily weather data for the experiment were generated by 3 steps consisting of spatial interpolation based on topoclimatological relationships, zonal summarization of grid cell values, and conversion of monthly climate data to daily weather data. Regression models for monthly climatological temperature estimation were derived from a statistical procedure using monthly averages of 51 standard weather stations in South and North Korea (1981-1994) and their spatial variables such as latitude, altitude, distance from the coast, sloping angle, and aspect-dependent field of view (openness). Selected models (0.4 to 1.6$^{\circ}C$ RMSE) were applied to the generation of monthly temperature surface over the entire North Korean territory on 1 km$\times$l km grid spacing. Monthly precipitation data were prepared by a procedure described in Yun (2000). Solar radiation data for 27 North Korean stations were reproduced by applying a relationship found in South Korea ([Solar Radiation, MJ m$^{-2}$ day$^{-1}$ ] =0.344 + 0.4756 [Extraterrestrial Solar Irradiance) + 0.0299 [Openness toward south, 0 - 255) - 1.307 [Cloud amount, 0 - 10) - 0.01 [Relative humidity, %), $r^2$=0.92, RMSE = 0.95 ). Monthly solar irradiance data of 27 points calculated from the reproduced data set were converted to 1 km$\times$1 km grid data by inverse distance weighted interpolation. The grid cell values of monthly temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation were summed up to represent corresponding county, which will serve as a land unit for the growth simulation. Finally, we randomly generated daily maximum and minimum temperature, solar irradiance and precipitation data for 30 years from the monthly climatic data for each county based on a statistical method suggested by Pickering et a1. (1994). CERES-rice, a rice growth simulation model, was tuned to accommodate agronomic characteristics of major North Korean cultivars based on observed phenological and yield data at two sites in South Korea during 1995~1998. Daily weather data were fed into the model to simulate the crop status at 183 counties in North Korea for 30 years. Results were analyzed with respect to spatial and temporal variation in yield and maturity, and used to score the suitability of the county for paddy rice culture.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.124-132
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• 2017

A methane-oxidizing bacterium was isolated from rice paddy field soil around Jeollanam-do province, Korea, and characterized. The isolate was gram-negative, orange pigmented and short rod ($1.1-1.2{\times}1.6-1.9{\mu}m$). It was catalase and urease-negative but oxidase-positive. The strain utilized methane and methanol as sole carbon and energy sources. It had an ability to grow with an optimum pH 7.0 and an optimum growth temperature $30^{\circ}C$. The strain was resistant to antibiotic polymyxin B but sensitive to streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin. The isolate required copper for their growth with concentration range of $2-25{\mu}M$, with an optimum of $10{\mu}M$. Under optimal culture condition, specific cell growth rate and generation time were found to be $0.046hr^{-1}$ and 15.13 hr, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the strain formed a tight phylogenetic lineage with Methylomonas koyamae with a value of 99.4% gene sequence homology. So, we named the isolate as Methylomonas sp. SM4. 8.6 mM methanol was accumulated in the reaction mixture containing 70 mM sodium formate and 40 mM $MgCl_2$ (MDH inhibitor) under atmosphere of methane:air (40:60) mixture for 24 hr at $30^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.241-245
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• 2011

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic materials commonly used for rice culture on the soil chemical properties and yield and quality of rice. Treatments were applied on the surface layer after rice planting and included: A) Kumsugangsangold, commonly used as a nutrient source for organic rice culture in Chonnam province (compost I), B) Rice bran, containing large quantities of vegetable ingredient (compost II), C) Chamdalkom, manufacturing by-product fish (compost III), and D) Hangawi, mixing anmimal and vegetable ingredients (compost IV). Seasonal N-mineralization rate was faster on the compost I and III with lower C:N ratio than those of the compost II and IV. Soil chemiceal properties were not significantly affected by treatments. Seasonal organic matter was higher on the compost II and IV with high input of the organic materials than those of compost I and III, which would affect the level of biomass C. Higher rice yield treated by compost I was observed in year 1, but no significant difference was observed in years 2 and 3.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.238-246
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• 1994

Rate of conventional allpication of chemical fertilizer and farm manure were surveyed for 23 crops and 13,259 farms on paddy and upland fields in 1992. 1. Farmers have applied fertilizers more than optimum levels on vagetable crops. Based on the optimum levels of N, P and K, the excess ratios of N, P, K fertilization were 40%, 138%, and 53% in vagetable crops and 38%, 7%, and 0% in field crops, respectively. 2. Among provinces, the fertilizer application for paddy rice was higher in Chung-nam and Jeon-buk, which have had higher yield compared to other provinces. And that for red pepper was higher in Kang-won, Jeon-nam, Jeon-buk, Kyeong-nam, Kyeong-buk, and for chinese cabbage in Kang-won and Chung-nam. 3. The fertilizers rates at a chief producing districts of crops(CPD) were higher in vagetable crops than in field crops. 4. Compared with total fertilizer levels of open culture, excess fertilizers in plastic house were 5.9kg/10a(21%) of nitrogen, 8.7kg/10a(52%) of phosphorus and 7.1kg/10a(34%) of potasium. In chemical fertilizer application, fertilizer levels of sweet corn, red papper, tomato and lettuce were higher in plastic house, while those of cucumber, strawberry, radish, chinese cabbage were higher in open culture. 5. Ratio of farmers who applied farm manures was below 60 % on field crops and 69~100% on vagetable crops. 6. The compound fertilizer for paddy rice(21-17-17) was applied on all the crops and its application rate was the highest in all the crops except for paddy rice(single cropping), malting barley, soybean, sesame.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.62-81
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• 2010

We are easily supposed to think that outdoor EE can help make Eco-Sense, furthermore 'Eco' means nature and natural resource itself. Relatively we are likely to think indoor EE is something theoretical or knowledge-oriented. It comes from our strong beliefs going into nature would be best choice for feeling Eco-mind. But every place in our daily life could be space for finding Eco-feeling(mind), as far as the relation to life in there. No life without ecological relation, so firstly we need to be rethink Eco-feeling could be enough trained in daily life, our EE trends that have distinguished between indoor and outdoor should be rearranged, going there is just for when we unavoidably need to go for outdoor experience. So I focus on two special causes bringing out these biases, 1st Environmental management-thinking, which has been passed over this trend under the name of training environmentally responsible citizen through Awareness, Knowledge, Skill and Attitudes. 2nd important cause is cultural metaphors, which means our thinking is fixed into some patterns, losing cultural thinking diversity, although eco-culture in our daily life has been figured our daily life out as ecological phenomenon hermeneutically. To illustrate this problematic trends, this paper will introduce theories of Bateson G. and Bowers C.A. mainly, who insist fixed pattern-thinking bound for environmental management could be obstacles to make students see and have Ecological intelligence in their mind throughout daily life. This paper will focus on how to feel Eco-mind in our daily life through cultural experience. Representative way for this is to research on rice paddy eco-system and rice culture.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.501-510
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• 1999

Stream and groundwater qualities of small agricultural watershed in Kangwon Probince, Korea were monitored 1 to 2 years, and the relationships between stream and groundwater qualities and seasonal water quality changes analyzed. Flooded paddy fields influenced groundwater level and quality during rice culture. The differences between groundwater levels during rice culture and non-culture spans were between 0.8 and 2.91 m. Seasonal changes of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations of stream and groundwater were very similar and groundwater quality was thought to have a profound impact on stream quality of the research watersheds. Suspended solids and BOD maintained the first degree stream water quality throughout the monitoring period except for a few and short flooding spans. The concentrations of total phosphorus and total bacteria of both waters showed wide variations and any seasonal trends were not observed. Long-term monitoring studies on small rural watersheds were recommended to understand the pattern of both stream and groundwater quality changes with respect to land use, season and cultural practice, and to apply the results to develop effective water quality management policies for large river and domestic water supply systems.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 1992

Very recently, the cultural pattern of paddy rice in Korea was transitted in a short period, and resulted as earlier in season and more in fertillizer application among others. Specially the weed emergence in paddy fields was drastically increased as affected by change of cultural pattern into early planting and into direct seeding methods. Of course, the direct-seeding in row seeding induced more weeds than in broad-cast direct -seeding. By maintaining the water level with saturation of the paddy surface induced more weeds, relatively more annual weeds than by deep in water level, respectively. Relatively more annuals in number of species and in emerged quantity comparing with perennials was caused by the shifting of cultural methods from transplanting to direct seeding. The severe weed competition damages were mainly resulted due to the shading by taller plant heights of weeds than crop during the whole growing seasons. Conclusively, accepting of direct seeding methods in paddy rice culture in Korea, the present bases for weed control methods ought to be naturally and effectively improved to meet the newly made weed problems.