• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1990

The responsiveness of various arterial smooth muscles isolated from rabbit to peptide YY (PYY) and the calcium source responsible for the muscles to contract were studied in vitro. PYY contracted the muscle strips of femoral, basilar and common iliac arteries more sensitively than renal, superior mesenteric and common carotid arteries. Common carotid and renal arteries were less sensitive to PYY $(p{\leqslant}0.05)$ than to NE; and basilar artery was more sensitive to PYY$(p{\leqslant}0.01)$ than to NE. A calcium channel blocker, verapamil and an inhibitor of intracellular calcium release, 3, 4, 5-Trime-thoxybenzoic arid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester [TMB-8] significantly $(p{\leqslant}0.001)$ suppressed the concentration-response of the strips from femoral artery to PYY. When both verapamil and TMB-8 existed in normal PSS, the concentration-response to PYY was inhibited almost completely; and a similar suppression was observed when the muscle was incubated in calcium-free, ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid [EGTA] containing PSS. The results of these experiments suggest that increased PYY activity in circulation may result in the more sensitive increase in the intracranial vascular resistance and the cerebral arterial pressure than the increased sympathetic activity and that both intra- and extracellular calcium are to be utilized for the PYY-induced contraction on arterial smooth muscle.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1988

위장관에서 분비되는 많은 국소호르몬 중에서 이미 널리 알려진 것을 외에 구조적인 공통점을 가진 새로운 group인 pancreatic polypeptide family에 대한 정보를 요약하여 보았다. PP, NPY 및 PYY는 그 구조적 유사점들에도 불구하고 분비되는 장소가 판이하여, PP는 위와 췌장의 국소호르몬으로서, NPY는 중추 및 말초신경의 신경충동전달체로서, 또 PYY는 하부위장관 점막에서부터 분비되어 전신 호르몬처럼 작용하고 있다. 이들 NPY와 PYY의 혈관수축작용과 혈압상승작용은 우리의 흥미를 끌기에 충분하다. 특히 PYY는 주로 하부장관 특히 결장과 직장의 분비조직에서 많이 발견된다는 점과 돼지의 뇌혈관을 수축시켰다는 점이 주목할 만한 것이다. 우리나라에는 많은 고혈압 환자가 있으며, 고혈압을 비롯한 여러가지 원인에 의한 뇌졸중(뇌출혈 포함) 환자도 많이 발생하고 있다. 민간의 속설에 의하면 출혈성 뇌졸증이 기온이 낮은 계절에 보다 자주 발생하는 경향이 있으며, 이른아침 화장실에서의 배변시 자주 발생한다고 한다. 물론 이러한 속설을 뒷받침할 만한 자료가 없으므로 학문적 견지에서의 신빙성 여부를 논할 가치는 없겠으나, 배변시 비교적 강한 자극을 받고 활발한 운동을 하는 결장과 직장에 PYY의 분비세포가 집결되어 있다는 점과 PYY의 뇌혈관수축작용 및 혈압 상승작용 등을 고려해 볼 때, 출혈성 뇌졸증과 PYY의 상관관계는 추구해볼 만한 사항이라 사료된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 2019

Although the functions of a standardized extract of Gingko biloba leaves (EGb $761^{(R)}$) has been reported with regard to neurobiological properties, no attention has been paid to the impact of EGb $761^{(R)}$ on the neuronal regulation of energy homeostasis. To evaluate the hypothesis that EGb $761^{(R)}$ affect the secretion of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and the activation of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4), which are involved in the neuronal circuitries that control energy homeostasis by inducing the transfer of information about the influx of energy to the brain, we examined whether EGb $761^{(R)}$ can stimulate PYY secretion in the enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells and if EGb $761^{(R)}$ can activate FFA4 in FFA4-expressing cells. In NCI-H716 cells, EGb $761^{(R)}$ stimulated PYY secretion and the EGb $761^{(R)}$-induced PYY secretion was involved in the increase in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration and the activation of FFA4. Furthermore, in FFA4-expressing cells, EGb $761^{(R)}$ activated FFA4. These results suggest that EGb $761^{(R)}$ may affect the control of energy homeostasis via the regulation of PYY secretion and FFA4 activation.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.147-162
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• 1992

The objectives of the present experiments were to characterize the effects of the peptides belonging to the pancreatic polypeptide family on the contractility of cerebral arteries and to observe the interactions of these peptides with the cyclic nucleotide activators and the potassium channel openers. Dogs of either sex, $20{\sim}30\;Kg$ in weight, were sacrificed. Basilar and middle cerebral arteries from brain were isolated and prepared for myography in the PSS equilibrated with 95% $O_2$ and 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$. The endothelial cells of the spiral strips were removed by CHAPS solution (0.3% w/v, 15 seconds). 1. PP, PYY and NPY contracted the arterial strips concentration-dependently with a rank order of potency of PYY>NPY>PP. These peptides were 20 to 200 times more potent than norepinephrine, and only PYY showed a greater potency than 5-HT. 2. Cyclic nucleotide activators, forskolin (for cAMP) and sodium nitroprusside (for cGMP) reduced the basal tone and inhibited the PP-, PYY- and NPY- induced contractions by concentration-dependent manners. Forskolin was more potent in reducing basal tone than sodium nitroprusside. 3. Potassium channel openers, RP 49356, P 1060 and BRL 38227 reduced the basal tone concentration-dependently and tended to inhibit the PP-, PYY- and NPY- induced contractions. Notably, BRL 38227 with low concentration $(0.1\;{\mu}M)$ enhanced the contractions induced by those peptides while P 1060 inhibited the contractions concentration-dependently. 4. The combinations of the cyclic nucleotide activators and the potassium channel openers were slightly additive in reducing the basal tone. P 1060 and BRL 38227 enhanced the relaxant effect of sodium nitroprusside significantly. On the PYY-induced contration $(0.1\;{\mu}M)$, $K^+$ channel openers tended to inhibit the inhibitory actions of forskolin and sodium nitroprusside. P 1060 and BRL 38227 antagonized the inhibitory action of sodium nitroprusside significantly. The results of the present study may be summarized that in canine cerebral arteries, not only NPY but also PYY may play a role in a cerebrovascular spasm, and intracellular concentration of either cAMP or cGMP may be involved in the mechanism of vasoconstrictive actions of these peptides, which may be affected either positively or negatively by a $K^+$ channel opener.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.686-695
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• 1998

Histological changes, distributions and relative frequencies of bovine Sp-1/chromogranin (bCG)-, serotonin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin-8(CCK-8)-, somatostatin-, S-100 protein-, polypeptide YY(PYY)- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the gizzard and pylorus of the chicken embryos from 10 days of incubation to hatching. Histologically, the pseudostratified columnar epithelium were observed from 10 days of incubation to 15 days of incubation, thereafter these epithelium were differentiated to simple columnar epithelium, gastric gland and/or mucosal gland. In the gizzard, bCG-immunoreactive cells were observed from 19 days of incubation and S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were detected from 15 days of incubation to 18 days of incubation. No serotonin-, gastrin-, CCK-8-, somatostatin-, PYY- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in this region. In the pylorus, bCG-, gastrin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were observed from 16 days of incubation respectively, thereafter these cells were increased with ages. CCK-8-immunoreactive cells were detected on hatching and S-100 protein-immunoreactive cells were detected from 16 days of incubation to 18 days of incubation. No serotonin-, PYY- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed in this region.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.704-711
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• 1998

With histological changes, ontogeny and relative frequencies of bovine Sp-1/chromogranin(bCG)-, serotonin-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin-8(CCK-8)-, somatostatin-, S-100 protein-, polypeptide YY(PYY)- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were investigated in the duodenum of the chicken embryos from 10 days of incubation to hatching. Histologically, pseudostraitified columnar epithelium were observed from 10 days of incubation to 14 days of incubation, thereafter these epithelium were differentiated to simple columnar epithelium. $Liberk{\ddot{u}}hn$ glands were observed from 18 days of incubation and goblet cells were detected from hatching. In the duodenum, bCG-immunoreactive cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and increased to 18 days of incubation, thereafter decreased with ages. Serotonin-immunorecative cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and increased with ages. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected from 14 days of incubation and CCK-immunoreactive cells were detected from 19 days of incubation. No gastrin-, S-100 protein-, PYY-, glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected in this study.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1997

The gastrointestinal endocrine cells of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis have been investigated immunohistochemically using the avidin-biotin method. Seven antisera were tested and three endocrine cell types immunoreacted with antisera to neurotensin, GRP and substance P. A moderate number of neurotensin-immunoreactive cells were weakly reacted in the small intestine. GRP-immunoreactive cells were mainly situated among the upper portion in the fundic glands, and the basal portion in the pyloric glands. These cells were oval and round in shape. On the other hand, in the intestine they were thin spindly cells with the epithelium. Substance P-immunoreactive cells were observed in among intestinal epithelium. However, no secretin-, motilin-, M-Enk- and PYY-immunoreactive cells were found in the GIT of the African clawed toads.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1194-1202
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• 2012

Adiponectin and Gut hormones(insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, PYY and GLP-1) are recently discovered peptides that are associated with lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and control appetite. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute treadmill exercise(walking, 45min ; all-out running, 5min) on Adiponectin and gut hormones in high school ssireum player(light class, n=8; heavy class, n=8). From the experimental results, Adiponectin and ghrelin of light class were significantly higher than heavy class(p<.05), but there was no difference between pre and post exercise. Insulin level of heavy class was significantly higher than that of light class(p<.01) and no difference between pre and post exercise. Only glucagon significantly increased after exercise(p<.01), but no difference between classes. PYY and GLP-1 were no difference on classes and pre vs. post-exercise. The result of this study suggest that adiponectin, ghrelin and insulin were affected by body weight(light class vs. heavy class) and glucagon was affected by acute exercise.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.125-137
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate clinical factors of SQD syndrome by tracking plasma gut hormone (active ghrelin, active Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), pancreatic polypeptide(PP), total peptide YY(PYY)) profiling of pre-post prandial standard meal between SQD group and normal group. Methods A total of 24 adult participants were consecutively recruited on April 2014. They were diagnosed as either by SQD syndrome or normal by Spleen Qi Deficiency Questionnaire (SQDQ). On the experimental day, blood samplings of 2 ml were repeatedly collected at 6 points from 2 groups for measuring plasma levels of gut hormones. At every point, subjective appetite sensations were self-registered. Results & Conclusions 1. There were significantly lower subjective 'Appetite' (p=0.012) and higher 'Satiety' (p=0.012) in SQD group. At each time point, subjective 'Appetite' was significantly lower at 60 min after breakfast (p=0.034) and 'Satiety' were significantly higher at 15 min (p=0.020) and 120 min (p=0.044) after breakfast in SQD group. 2. There were no significant differences in plasma levels of gut hormones (active ghrelin, active GLP-1, PP, total PYY) between SQD and normal group. Also at each time point, there were no significant differences of plasma levels of gut hormones between SQD and normal group. 3. Changes in plasma levels of gut hormones compared to baseline were not significantly different at each time point between SQD and normal group. Plasma PYY levels compared to baseline increased in SQD group following 15 min and 30 min after breakfast but decreased in normal group. 4. Further investigation is needed to construct gut hormone profiling and in this perspective, we can approach evaluation tool on variable appetite in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) syndrome in the future.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.297-303
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• 1996

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the GIT of the snakehead, Channa(Oph icephalus) argus were studied immunohistochemically. Five kinds of endocrine cells and one kind of nerve cell were identified in this study. A few numbers of secretin-immunoreactive cells were restricted to the cardia and fundus of the stomach. Moti-lin- and GRP-immunoreactive cells were rare in the epithelium of the distal and proximal intestines. PYY-immunoreactive cells were found in a few number in the pyloric caeca and were rare in the distal intestine. Substance P-immunoreactive cells were distributed relatively numerous from the fundus to the distal intetsine. Also, their nerve cells were detected in occurrence in the lamina propria in the distal intestine. No neurotensin-, met-Enk- and GIP-immunoreactive cells were found in the GIT of the snakehead.