• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.378-389
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• 1993

The release of steroids such as progesterone, testosterone, estrone and estradiol were investigated in two types of block copolymer matrices, which were AB type block copolymer composed of poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate)[PBLG] as the A segment and polyoxypropylene[POP] as the B segment and ABA type triblock copolymer composed of the A segment and poly(propylene glycol)[PPG] as the B segment. The release rates of progesterone, estradiol and testosterone through PBLG-POP1 and PBLG-POP2 matrices and those of progesterone, estrone and testosterone through GPG1 of ABA type triblock copolymer were higher in an acidic solution than in a basic one. However, the release rate of estrone through PBLG-POP1 and PBLG-POP2 matrices and that of estradiol through GPG1 of ABA type triblock copolymer were higher in a basic and neutral solutions than in an acidic one. The order of release rate in three different matrices was GPG1 > PBLG-POP1 > PBLG-POP2. The results also showed that the molecular weight of steroids is inversely proportional to the rate of release.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support (LPS) on the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) in natural frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles via a meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective studies that met our selection criteria. Four online databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library) were searched between January 2017 and May 2017. Studies were selected according to predefined inclusion criteria and meta-analyzed using R software version 2.14.2. The main outcome measure was CPR. Results: A total of 18 studies were reviewed and assessed for eligibility. One RCT (n = 435) and three retrospective studies (n = 3,033) met the selection criteria. In a meta-analysis of the selected studies, we found no significant difference in the CPR (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.55) between the vaginal progesterone and control groups. An analysis of the two retrospective cohort studies that reported the live birth rate (LBR) following FET showed a significantly higher LBR in the vaginal progesterone group (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21-2.46). A subgroup meta-analysis of FET conducted 5 days after injection of human chorionic gonadotropin showed no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the CPR (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.90-1.55) or miscarriage rate (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.36-1.47). Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis of the currently available literature suggest that LPS with vaginal progesterone in natural FET cycles does not improve the CPR.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1746-1751
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of estrogen, progesterone and tamoxifen at different concentrations and treatment periods on proliferation of a human cervical carcinoma cell line, HeLa, in culture, based on MTT assay. Estrogen did not have an effect on the cellular proliferation in concentrations up to $1{\mu}g$/ml for treatment periods of between 2.5 and 6 days, but significantly inhibited proliferation at a higher concentration of $10{\mu}g$/ml in a progressive manner with increasing treatment periods. Also, treatment of HeLa with more than $10{\mu}g$/ml of progesterone for 2.5 days significantly inhibited proliferation and caused a concentration-dependent inhibition with 4 days of treatment. However, longer treatment with progesterone for 6 days abolished the concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on cellular proliferation observed with the 4-day treatment period. Furthermore, tamoxifen required a higher concentration ($100{\mu}g$/ml) than estrogen to bring about the inhibitory effect on the HeLa proliferation. These results suggest that high concentrations of estrogen, progesterone and tamoxifen may suppress proliferation of HeLa, and both the concentration and the treatment period may also influence their inhibitory effects on cellular proliferation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.315-318
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes of hormone levels of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ (E2) in sows of Landrace (L), Yorkshire (Y) and F1 (L ${\times}$ Y) (respectively n=3) with excellent ability, and to provide a baseline data for improving reproductive performance. In this experiment, the sows at the age of 12 months or more were used. The sows were fed by two way methods, one is conventional methods and the other is 3 days-flushing feed before estrus. Each pig's blood was collected in 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 days after the estrus for the analyses of P4 and E2. Serum was separated by centrifugation for 15 min. with 3,000 rpm. Progesterone and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ were measured by immunochemical assay (ELIZA test). In conventional feeding, serum progesterone levels were significantly (p<0.01) higher in F1 than in L and Y. No significant differences in P4 concentrations were seen between the L and Y of sows. Serum E2 levels were similar the serum progesterone levels. In the case of flushing feed, the tendency of hormonal changes were similar to conventional methods. But almost of hormonal levels were a little higher than that of conventional methods. P4 level of L and Y in flushing feed were significantly different (p<0.01). Serum E2 level of Y in flushing feed was significantly different among the breeds (p<0.01). These results were similar to the tendency of hormonal changes in general sows and moreover, flushing feed is known to develop the swine production, these results proved the fact of the methods. And these results suggested that more studies about hormonal changes in sows according to seasonal and nutritional factors should be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.85-93
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• 1969

The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations, unmerical variations at various time intervals and DNA synthetic patterns after the treatment with steroids in synchronized human kidney cells treated with 5-AU were investigated in the present experiment. 1. In 5-AU treated group, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations per cell was 0.131, 3 times of control group. In 5-AU + progesterone and 5-AU + testosterone groups, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations per cell was 0.340 and 0.452 respectively. 2. In 5-AU treated group, the frequency of cells with abnormal chromosome number was 0.8%, which was distributed throughout the time regardless of time interval. In 5-AU + progesterone and 5-AU + testosterone groups, the frequencies of cells with abnormal chromosome number were 2.2% and 4.3% respectively and they increased with the time. In 5-AU + progesterone group, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations exhiited the peaks at 12 and 18 hour stage after the treatment with steroids and, in 5-AU + testosterone group, it decreased with the time and in 5-AU treated group no significant difference was observed 3. The increase of labeled metaphases and labelling intensities in 5-AU treated cells are the result of the accumulation of cells at S stage by 5-AU. The decrease of labeled metaphases, labelling intensities and the delay of DNA synthetic time were observed in steroid groups. DNA synthetic pattern of sex chromosomes differs according to the step of cell cycle and DNA synthetic time is irregular because of double treatments with 5-AU and steroids.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.102-103
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• 2006

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.1864-1866
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• 2009

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2009

In dogs, correct diagnosis of estrus is important and the exact time of ovulation can be determined by variouse methods. Vaginal cytology has commonly used in conjunction with the physical examination, clinical history, vaginoscopy, and hormonal assays to determine the stage of the reproductive cycle. This study was therefore investigated the effectiveness of direct ovulation detector designed by changes of electrical resistance in vaginal mucus following different estrus cycles with several methods; vaginal cytology, concentration of plasma estrogen and progesterone, and direct examination by laparotomy. A total of 12 bitches was selected for the study and observed estrus signs. The bitches were evaluated clinical sign (vulvar swelling and bleeding), cytological examination (keratocyte and RBC), electrical resistance, plasma estrogen and progesterone concentration for estrus assessment. Accuracy of ovulation detection by vaginal cytology was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those by electrical resistance and plasma progesterone concentration, based on the confirmation by laparotomy. Vaginal smear is not confidential method compared to detection of electrical resistance and plasma progesterone concentration at ovulation. Although the value of electrical resistance was varied at the same points of estrus in individuals, ovulation was occurred at the first day which shown the peak of electrical resistance and mating time was third day after peak. In conclusion, ovulation detector designed by changes of electrical resistance is an effective and economic instrument for predicting estrus and ovulation in bitches.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.177-181
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the effects of hCG treatment on pregnancy and delivery rates in the Hanwoo recipients. There were significantly higher pregnancy and delivery rates in the recipients treated with hCG at 7 days after artificial insemination (p<0.05), respectively. The SCNT embryos from bovine fetal fibroblast cells were transferred into the synchronized recipients. The recipients were administered saline (n=89) or hCG (1,500 IU) (n=48) at 7 days after heat, respectively. The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the recipients treated with hCG compared to that of saline treated group (p<0.01), however, the delivery rate was not different in both treated groups. The concentration of plasma progesterone (P4) was not different in both groups before hCG treatment, but the P4 level was increased significantly in hCG treated group after hCG injection (p<0.05). Although the pregnancy rate was very high in early stage of pregnancy, it was decreased dramatically after 50 days of pregnancy and maintained basal level. Taken together, the treatment of hCG in the SCNT recipients after day 7 of heat was effective method to increase the P4 concentration and to increase the pregnancy rate. But it did not affect directly to delivery.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.154-160
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• 2004

This study was carried out to monitor the response of ovaries and cyst according to treatment with dinoprost or fenprostalene in dairy cows with ovarian luteal cyst. Twenty cows were diagnosed as luteal cysts by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and progesterone analysis. The cystic cows were treated with dinoprost or fenprostalene. All the animals were re-examined by ultrasonography and blood was collected for the measurement of plasma progesterone concentration at day 0 (the day of treatment), 3, 13 and 24, respectively. Mean plasma progesterone concentrations on day -11 and day -1 before treatment were 2.1$\pm$0.2 ng/ml and 2.8$\pm$0.3 ng/ml, respectively. On day 3 and day 13 were 0.3$\pm$0.1 ng/ml and 4.3$\pm$0.2 ng/ml, respectively. Mean cystic wall thickness on day -11 and day -1 were 3.2$\pm$0.2 mm and 3.9$\pm$0.2 mm, respectively. And on day 3 was 2.4$\pm$0.3 mm. The responses of luteal cyst after treatment noted during ultrasonography included dramatical degeneration of the luteal tissue of cystic wall on day 3 (all cows), slowly reduction of cyst size (cyst resolution) until last examination (8 cows), complete disappearance on day 13 (7 cows) and no changes of cyst size (5 cows). A group of 10 cows with luteal cysts injected fenprostalene compared with another 10 cows treated dinoprost showed a slightly higher pregnancy rate on first service after initial treatment (50.0 vs 30.0%). But treatment effects of dinoprost or fenprostalene did not significantly different results for each groups. This study suggested that the response of the cyst according to treatment revealed various types. Therefore, veterinarians should have attention on monitoring of the response of cystic ovaries after treatment, specially on no change of cyst size after treatment.