• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.243-256
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• 2019

Field surveys for Plum pox virus (PPV) infection were conducted in stone fruit orchards all over Bulgaria. In total, 1168 out of 3020 leaf samples from cultivated Prunus spp. and wildly growing P. cerasifera trees reacted positive for PPV in DASI-ELISA with the universal monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5B. Further ELISA analyses showed that 987 and 127 isolates belonged to PPV-M and PPV-D serotypes, respectively. The plum and P. cerasifera showed 82.0% and 50.5% levels of infection, respectively followed by the peach (40.0%) and the apricot (32.0%). Five hundred fifty one PPV isolates were further typed by IC-RT-PCR with PPV-Rec, -M and -D-specific primers, targeting (Cter)NIb-(Nter) CP genome region, as 125 isolates were sequenced. The results revealed the presence of PPV-Rec, PPV-M and PPV-D and mixed infections of these strains. PPV-Rec was the most prevalent strain (49.0%), followed by PPV-M (40.1%), while PPV-D was the less spread strain (8.2%). PPV-Rec was the most common strain in plums, including the eight "old-aged" trees from the region of the first Sharka discovery. PPV-M was the most prevalent strain in peach and apricot. Phylogenetic analyses on (Cter)NIb-(Nter)CP of the isolates were performed. PPV-Rec isolates formed a homogeneous group, while PPV-M isolates split into PPV-Ma and PPV-Mb subgroups. Five separated clades were formed by the analyzed PPV-D isolates. Nucleotide sequences of the partial CP coding region of the analyzed isolates revealed a slightly higher intra-strain genetic variability in PPV-Rec and PPV-M isolates, while that of PPV-D strain isolates was higher from the reported for these strains.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제36권
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• pp.348-373
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• 2006

본 연구는 PPV 서비스 이용자와 비이용자의 두 개 집단으로 나누어 이들의 능동성 정도를 비교하고, PPV 서비스 이용자를 대상으로 능동성 정도가 PPV 이용을 예측할 수 있는지를 발견하고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 능동성을 선택적 행동과 참여적 행동의 두 개의 하부개념으로 나누어 측정하였다. PPV 이용집단의 특성을 보면, 이들은 비이용 집단에 비해서 위성방송을 이용하기 위해서 선택적 행동을 많이 하는 사람들이다. 한편 PPV 이용 정도를 가장 많이 예측할 수 있는 능동성 변인은 참여적 행동이었다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2015

To investigate the effect of fluoro groups substitution on poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives, poly(2,3,5,6- tetrafluoro-p-phenylenevinylene-alt-N-ethylhexyl-3,6-carbazolevinylene), PCTF-PPV, and poly[2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-p-phenylenevinylene-alt-2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene], PMTF-PPV, were synthesized by the well-known Wittig condensation polymerization process. To compare the influences of fluoro groups, no fluoro groups containing model polymers, poly(p-phenylenevinylene-alt-N-ethylhexyl-3,6-carbazolevinylene), PCPPPV and poly[p-phenylenevinylene-alt-2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene], p-PMEH-PPV, were also synthesized. The resulting polymers were completely soluble in common organic solvents and exhibited good thermal stability up to 300℃. The polymers showed UV-visible absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) in the ranges of 259~452 nm and 500~580 nm, respectively. The tetrafluorophenyl containing PCTF-PPV and PMTF-PPV showed relatively red-shifted PL peaks at 521 nm and 580 nm, respectively, compared to that of non-fluoro groups containing polymers (PCP-PPV: 500 nm and p-PMEH-PPV: 539 nm). The single-layer light-emitting diode was fabricated in a configuration of ITO/polymer/Al. Electroluminescene (EL) emissions of PCP-PPV, PCTF-PPV, p-PMEH-PPV and PMTF-PPV were shown at 507, 524, 556, and 616 nm, respectively.

• 센서학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 1998

PPV(poly(p-phenylenevinylene))를 발광체로 이용한 유기 박막 EL 소자를 다양한 구조와 조건으로 제작하였으며, 그 전기-광학적 특성을 평가하였다. 제작된 EL 소자는 단층구조(ITO(indium tin oxide)PPV/Mg), 이층구조 (ITO/PVK(poly(N-vinylcarbazole))/PPV)Mg와 ITO/PPV/Polymer matrix+PBD/Mg) 그리고 삼층구조 (ITO/PVK/PPV/PS(polystyrene)+PBD(butyl-2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole))/Mg)를 가지며, 그들의 전기광학적 특성을 상호 비교하였다. 이층구조(ITO/PPV)Polymer matrix+PBD/Mg)에서는 PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), PC(polycarbonate) PS 와 MCH(side chain liquid crystalline homopolymer)를 고분자 메트릭스로 사용하였으며, 특히, PS 고분자 메트 릭스를 전자수송층으로 사용하는 경우에 전자수송제인 PBD의 농도에 따른 발광휘도 특성을 구하였다. 제작된 소자의 인가전압에 따른 전류, 휘도특성을 분석한 결과 터널링효과를 나타내었고 안정된 발광특성을 가진다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.273-278
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• 2009

Heck coupling reaction을 이용해서 poly[2-(2,6-dimethylpyran-4-ylidene)malononitrile-alt-1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-divinylbenzene] (PM-PPV), poly[2-{2,6-Bis-[2-(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-vinyl]-pyran-4-ylidene}-malononitrile-alt-1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-divinylbenzene] (PMT-PPV), poly[2-[2,6-Bis-(2-{4-[(4-bromophenyl)-phenylamino]-phenyl}-vinyl)-pyran-4-ylidene]-malononitrile-alt-1,4-bis(dodecyloxy)-2,5-divinylbenzene] (PMTPA-PPV)를 합성하였다. PM-PPV, PMT-PPV, PMTPA-PPV의 band gap은 각각 2.18 eV, 1.90 eV, 2.07 eV로 나타났다. LUMO 에너지 준위는 각각 3.65 eV, 3.54 eV, 3.62 eV로 나타났고 HOMO 에너지 준위는 각각 5.83 eV, 5.61 eV, 5.52 eV이고 소자를 제작하여 측정한 결과는 AM 1.5 G [1 sun condition ($100mA/cm^2$)]에서의 효율은 0.028%, 0.031%, 0.11%이고 open-circuit voltage (Voc)는 0.59 V~0.69 V로 나타났다.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2004년도 Asia Display / IMID 04
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• pp.582-584
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• 2004

The light-emitting properties of poly(2-triethylgermyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (TEG-PPV) are compared with those of the silyl-substituted PPV homologue, poly(2-trimethylsilyl-1,4phenylenevinylene) (TMS-PPV). The precursor polymer is solution-processable. After carrying out thermal elimination on the precursor polymer film, the resulting fully conjugated polymer film was found to exhibit high thermal stability in air, and absorption that is shifted to the longer wavelength region owing to the extension of the n-conjugated system. TEG-PPV exhibits efficient green light emission; the maximum PL emission of a TEG-PPV thin film was found to be at 515 nm. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels were also determined using photo-emission spectroscopy. The performance of the TEG-PPV EL device was found to be comparable to that of the TMS-PPV device.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2007년도 7th International Meeting on Information Display 제7권1호
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• pp.667-670
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• 2007

A new series of highly bright and efficient poly(pphenylenevinylene) s (PPV)s based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) was synthesized via the Gilch polymerization method. The three POSScontaining PPVs are as follows: POSS05- PPV(containing 5 mol % POSS-appended PPV units), POSS25-PPV(containing 25 mol % POSS-appended PPV units), and POSS100-PPV(containing 100 mol % POSS-appended PPV units; this is the first ${\pi}-conjugated$ polymer composed of 100 mol % POSSsappended repeating units). The POSS-containing PPVs exhibit higher glass transition temperatures $(64-77^{\circ}C)$ than that of MEH-PPV $(58^{\circ}C)$, indicating that electroluminescence (EL) devices fabricated with these polymers should have good thermal stabilities. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al were fabricated using the novel POSS-containing PPVs. Surprisingly, the luminescence efficiency (0.48 cd/A at $10540\;cd/m^2$) of the binary blend consisting 5 wt % of POSS25-PPV and 95 wt % of MEH-PPV was found to be enhanced by a factor of 6.4 with a maximum brightness of $11010cd/m^2$ (at 14.3 V).

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.68.1-68.8
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• 2022

Background: Studies on anesthetized dogs regarding pulse pressure variation (PPV) are increasing. The influence of respiratory rate (RR) on PPV, in mechanically ventilated dogs, has not been clearly identified. Objectives: This study evaluated the influence of RR on PPV in mechanically ventilated healthy dogs after hemorrhage. Methods: Five healthy adult Beagle dogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (3 mg/kg IV) and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. The right dorsal pedal artery was cannulated with a 22-gauge catheter for blood removal, and the left dorsal pedal artery was cannulated and connected to a transducer system for arterial blood pressure monitoring. The PPV was automatically calculated using a multi-parameter monitor and recorded. Hemorrhage was induced by withdrawing 30% of blood (24 mL/kg) over 30 min. Mechanical ventilation was provided with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg and a 1:2 inspiration-to-expiration ratio at an initial RR of 15 breaths/min (baseline). Thereafter, RR was changed to 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min according to the casting lots, and the PPV was recorded at each RR. After data collection, the blood was transfused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h, and the PPV was recorded at the baseline ventilator setting. Results: The data of PPV were analyzed using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p < 0.05). Hemorrhage significantly increased PPV from 11% to 25% at 15 breaths/min. An increase in RR significantly decreased PPV from 25 (baseline) to 17%, 10%, and 10% at 20, 30, and 40 breaths/min, respectively (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The PPV is a dynamic parameter that can predict a dog's hemorrhagic condition, but PPV can be decreased in dogs under high RR. Therefore, careful interpretation may be required when using the PPV parameter particularly in the dogs with hyperventilation.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.299-303
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• 2008

열경화가 가능한 PPV유도체인 poly[(2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)-alt-(1,4-phenylenevinylene)] (Cross-PPV)를 Heck coupling 반응을 이용하여 합성하였다. Cross-PPV 박막은 $200^{\circ}C$에서 경화 시키면 일반적인 유기용매에 용해되지 않는 불용성의 고분자 박막이 된다. 열경화 전 후의 Cross-PPV의 구조는 FT-IR로 확인하였으며 구조의 차이는 크지 않았다. 경화된 Cross-PPV는 일반적인 유기용매에 대하여 내용매성이 강하다. 순환전압전류법과 흡수분광법으로 측정한 경화된 Cross-PPV의 호모 및 루모 에너지 준위는 각각 -5.11 eV와 -2.56 eV으로 ITO로 부터의 정공주입장벽(hole injection barrier)이 작아(약 0.1 eV) 정공주입층으로 효과적으로 사용 할 수 있다. 호모 및 루모 에너지 준위가 각각 -5.44 eV, -3.48 eV인 poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene-(4-dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran)-2,6-vinylene-1,4-phenylene-vinylene-2,5-bis(dodecyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (PM-PPV)을 발광층으로 사용하여 두층의 구조(bilayer structure)를 갖는 소자(ITO/crosslinked Cross-PPV/PM-PPV/Al)를 제작, 특성을 평가한 결과 최대 효율은 0.024 cd/A, 최대 발광세기는 $45cd/m^2$으로 단층형 소자(ITO/PM-PPV/Al)(최대 효율 = 0.003 cd/A, 최대 발광세기 = $3cd/m^2$)에 비하여 매우 월등한 성능을 나타냄을 확인하였다. 또한 두층의 구조를 가지는 다층형 소자의 발광스펙트럼은 단층형 소자의 발광 스펙트럼과 동일하다. 이러한 사실들로 보아 ITO 및 Al에서 주입된 전자는 모두 발광층인 PM-PPV층에서 재결합(recombination)되어 여기자(exciton)가 형성되는 것으로 사료된다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.155-159
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• 2005

패턴화된 ITO/Glass 기판위에 정공수송층으로 PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythi-ophene)poly (styerne sulfolnate))를 발광층으로 MEH-PPV (poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyhexoxy)-1,4-phenylenvinylene))을 사용하여 스핀코팅법으로 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MEH-PPV/Al 구조의 고분자 유기전계 발광소자 (polymer light emitting diode, PLED)를 제작하였다. MEH-PPV 용액의 농도(0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.5 wt$\%$)변화를 변수로 하여 제작된 PLED소자의 전기$\cdot$광학적 특성 변화를 조사하였다. MEH-PPV의 농도가 $0.5{\~}0.9 wt\%$에서 가장 양호한 전기-광학 특성을 보여 주었다. 한편 $1.5 wt\%$의 고동도의 MEH-PPV를 갖는 PLED 소자에서는 전류와 휘도 값이 크게 감소하였다. 즉, MEH-PPV의 농도가 $0.5 wt\%$일 때 9V 전압 인가시 최고 발광 휘도와 효율은 $409 cd/m^2$와 4.90 lm/W를 각각 나타내었다. PLED 소자의 발광 스펙트럼은 $560{\~}585 nm$ 파장을 갖는 오렌지 계열의 발광을 나타내었다.