• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.237-246
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of forward-and-backward shift trunk exercise using a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise on the upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL) in a stroke patient. Methods: One subject participated in this study. The study used a reversal A-B-A' design, where A and A' were the baseline period (no intervention), and B was the intervention period. The intervention was a forward-and-backward trunk shift exercise, using a PNF diagonal pattern on both a stand-on-hand position and a quadruped position of closed kinematic chain exercises, for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint was measured and a Fugl-Meyer assessment of upper extremity (FMA-UE) and a functional independence measure (FIM) were performed to measure upper limb function and activity of daily living (ADL). Results: ROMs of shoulder joint (flexion, extension, abduction, and external rotation) increased in the intervention phase. The FMA-UE score increased (from 28 to 36) in the intervention phase. The FIM score increased (from 20 to 25) in the intervention phase. These increases were maintained after intervention (Baseline II). Conclusion: These results suggest that forward-and-backward shift trunk exercises using a PNF diagonal pattern in a closed kinematic chain exercise have a positive effect on stroke patients' upper limb function and ADL ability.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.281-292
• /
• 2011

In this study, for examining an effect of lower limbs' muscle activity on balance capability when applying sprinter pattern among the PNF, the experiment was conducted as followed. Under the object of 24 people diagnosed by hemiplegia, they were divided into control group and experimental group and the experiment was conducted on the experimental group, three times per a week for six weeks. Experimental group received Sprinter pattern of combined PNF upper extremity and lower extremity pattern. For the lower limbs' muscle activity, effective values of Vastus medialis laterails, medial lateral hamstrings, lateral gastrocnemius' action potential were analyzed. The balance ability tests was conducted with FICSIT-4, FSST and MTD-Balance system. For the significance test of control group and experimental group for measuring time by exercise application method, two-way repeated measure ANOVA was conducted and for the significance test among the groups by each measuring time, independent t-test was conducted. Also, for examining the correlation among the measuring item, pearson correlation was used for the analysis. As the result, the application of sprinter pattern increased muscle activity of lower limbs in paretic side and improve static and dynamic balance ability effectively. Therefore, it will be necessary to develop new intervention by combining active application of the therapeutic intervention program for lower limbs' effective muscle mobilizing in paretic side with various exercising patterns.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.11 no.11
• /
• pp.521-528
• /
• 2013

This study was performed to examine effects of PNF combined pattern training on balance ability and functional ability of hockey players. In order to achieve this purpose, total 28 participants were separated into two group: 14 comparison group and 14 experiment group, and the experiment group performed PNF combined pattern training for 12 week, 3 times a week, 60 minutes a day. Each group was measured beforehand, after 6 week and 12 week. balance ability was measured using GOOD BALANCE system and functional ability was measured using carioca and shuttle-run test. For statistically verifying above measured values, repeated measure analysis of variance was analyzed and have following results. As the comparing results of balance ability, normal standing eye close(NSEC) was ant-post and velocity moment of experiment group showed significant differences(p<.05). And one leg right eye close(OLREC) was ant-post, med-lat and velocity moment of experiment group showed significant differences (p<.05). Also, dynamic balance ability was ant-post and velocity moment of experiment groups showed significant differences(p<.05). As the comparing results of functional ability, shuttle-run of experiment group sowed significant differences(p<.05). From above results, balance ability of hockey players was shown to be improved through symmetric training of PNF combined pattern applied to hockey players, and it can be considered that this is actively recommended for training method to improve athletic performance of hockey players.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted on 20 healthy adults in their 20s to identity the immediate effects of balance, proprioception and flexibility after conducting the PNF combined patterns using 3D Newton box. The data collected in this study were analyzed using the SPSS Window 19.0 statistical program, and the general characteristics of the subjects were calculated by calculating the mean and standard deviation using the technical statistics, and the differences before and after in-group balance, proprioception and flexibility were analyzed by the paired t-test. The balance, proprioception and flexibility of the subjects were measured using Y-balance, one-leg standing, and finger bottom contact. The exercise was applied with an combined pattern of PNF in the 3D Newton box. After exercise, balance, proprioception and flexibility all increased significantly. The results show that combined pattern of PNF using the 3D Newton box immediately works for the balance, proprioception and flexibility of adults in their 20s. Therefore, it is considered to be an exercise that can be actively utilized for adults or patients at high risk of damage due to reduced balance, proprioception and flexibility.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.97-104
• /
• 2017

Purpose: This study seeks to determine the effect of a lower extremity strengthening exercise that uses proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the gait and balance ability of a stroke patient. Methods: In this case study, a lower extremity strengthening exercise that used PNF was performed by the subject for 30 minutes 4 times per week for a 4-week period alongside typical rehabilitation therapy. The lower extremity pattern used flexion-abduction-internal rotation with knee flexion, extension-abduction-internal rotation, bilateral leg extension pattern. The 10 m walk test and 6 minute walk test were used to assess gait ability. The Berg balance scale was used to assess balance ability. Results: After the intervention, the time for the 10 m walk test decreased by 5.72 sec, the distance for the 6 minute walk test decreased by 20 meters, and the score on the Berg balance scale improved by 7 points, which indicates the effectiveness of this therapy for stroke patients. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that a lower extremity strengthening exercise using PNF can improve the gait ability and balance ability of stroke patients.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.297-303
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of inhalation and exhalation exercise combined with upper extremity proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern on two spirometry values: forced volume vital (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Methods: Thirty-two healthy adults were divided into two groups: 1) a combined group, which performed upper extremity D2 flexion pattern (shoulder flexed/abducted/external rotated, forearm supinated, wrist radial deviated, and finger extended) during exhalation and D2 extension pattern (shoulder extended/adducted/internal rotated, forearm pronated, wrist ulnar deviated, and finger flexed) during inhalation; and 2) reverse combined group, which performed the D2 flexion pattern during inhalation and the D2 extension pattern during exhalation. The inverse application of upper extremity movements during inhalation and exhalation induced selective resistance or assistance on respiration. FVC and PEF were measured at two time points, before and after four weeks. Results: In both groups, the pre-post intervention comparison showed significant increases in FVC and PEF (p < .05). In the between-groups comparison, the reverse combined group showed a significantly higher PEF than the combined group at four weeks post intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combined respiration exercise with reverse PNF upper extremity patterns using selective resistance showed an effective increase in PEF in healthy adults. Clinicians and researchers might consider using selective resistance as a widely applicable and cost-effective option for respiratory rehabilitation planning.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.65-69
• /
• 1999

Proprioceptive neuromusculat facilitation(PNF), scapular patterns are very important for orthopaedic and neurologic patients. It is an essential treatment techniques for motor developmental disorder, CVA, cervical disk, frozen shoulder and pain control of cervical, shoulder girdle and upper extremity. Scapular patterns of PNF has 4 different type of pattern. each of them in combining of movement plane and functional movement. Biomechanically, most of PNF patterns are a concentric contraction with third-claw lever. But the movement pattern have a technique of combination of isotonic that should make a eccentric contraction with second-claw lever.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) applied to the unilateral upper extremity on the muscle activation of contralateral lower extremity. Twenty-two healthy subjects (mean age of 23.7 years) participated in this study. Method : PNF patterns applied on the unilateral upper extremity in all subjects were the flexion/abduction/external rotation and lifting pattern. The hold and appoximation techniques for the irradiation were applied to end range of both patterns. Muscle activations in four patterns were measured in vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius medial muscles of contralateral lower extremity using surface EMG system. Each EMG value in individual muscle was normalized for maximal voluntary contraction. The data were analyzed by one factor analysis of variance with repeated measure test. Result : There were significant differences in the between-subject effect (muscles) and within-subject effect (patterns) in comparison of muscle activation by application of PNF patterns (p<.05). The irradiation led to higher activation in the flexion/abduction/external rotation pattern than that of lifting pattern in all muscles (p<.05). The approximation techniques revealed more activations than these of hold technique in all muscles (p<.05). Conclusion : These results suggest that the application of PNF patterns to the unilateral upper extremity affect on the muscle activation of contralateral lower extremity and increase according to the intensity of resistance. This mechanism of contralateral effect might provide a help to the development of treatment method for the affected side and functional improvement for the patients who have damages of central nervous system or musculoskeletal problems by orthopedic injury.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.215-223
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leg muscle activation by applying proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) arm patterns to unilateral upper extremities under the condition of both open and closed kinetic chains in a seated position. Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in this study. Four PNF patterns were applied to each subject's unilateral upper extremity. EMG data were collected from the vastus medialis, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius. The measured EMG data were digitized and processed to root mean square (RMS) and expressed as percentage maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures to determine the statistical significance. Results: The results of this study were summarized as follows: Firstly, in comparison to muscle activation of the biceps femoris, there was a significant increase in the D2 flexion pattern when it was compared with D2 extension pattern and when it was compared with D1 flexion pattern (p<.05). Secondly, there was a significant increase in the muscle activation of the vastus medialis and tibialis anterior with a closed kinetic chain rather than an open kinetic chain (p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, in order to increase muscle activation of the biceps femoris, the D2 flexion pattern can be applied, regardless of kinetic chain. In addition, in order to increase muscle activation of the vastus medialis and tibialis anterior, four arm patterns can be applied with a closed kinetic chain.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.195-205
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stability techniques on walking speed, trunk stability, and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Ten stroke patients volunteered to participate in the study, and each of subjects was randomly assigned to either the stability technique (ST) group (n=5) or to the treadmill (TM) group (n=5). Each therapeutic exercise program was provided for 30 minutes a day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. The ST group performed a PNF pattern combined with stabilizing reversal and rhythmic stabilization of the PNF stability technique. Walking speed (measured using a 10-meter walking test), trunk stability (TIS), and balance (BBS, FRT) were evaluated before and after training. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. The significance level for statistical inspection was set at 0.05. Results: Both groups showed improvements on the 10-meter walking test, the trunk impairment scale, the Berg balance scale, and the functional reaching test. Conclusion: PNF stability techniques are effective for improving trunk stability, balance, and walking speed in stroke patients. For stroke patients, PNF stability techniques are very useful and effective, including in clinical practice.