• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.755-761
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• 2004

We evaluated the efficacy of Dor procedure in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. Material and Method: Between April 1998 and December 2002, 45 patients underwent the Dor procedure con-comitant with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic/end-systolic volumes (LVEDV/LVESV) were measured by echocardiography, myocardial SPECT, and cardiac catheterization and angiography performed at the sequence of preoperative, early postoperative, and one year postoperative stage. Result: Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamp times were mean 141$\pm$64, 69$\pm$24 minutes, respectively. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) therapy was required in 19 patients (42%; 7 preoperatively, 9 intraoperatively, 3 postoperatively). Operative mortality rate was 2.2% (1/45). Postoperative morbidities were low cardiac output syndrome (12), atrial fibrillation (5), acute renal failure (4), and postoperative bleeding (4). Functional class (NYHA) was improved from classes 2.8 to 1.1 (p < 0,01). When we compared between the preoperative and early postoperative values, LVEF was improved from 32$\pm$9% to 52$\pm$11% (p<0.01). The asynergy portion decreased from 57$\pm$12% to 22$\pm$9%, and LVEDV/LVESV indexes improved from 125$\pm$39 mL/$m^2$, 85$\pm$30 mL/$m^2$ to 66$\pm$23 mL/$m^2$, 32$\pm$16 mL/$m^2$ (p<0.01). Although these changes in volumes were relatively preserved at postoperative one year, the left ventricular volumes showed a tendency to increase. Conclusion: After the Dor procedure for ischemic left ventricular dysfunction, LVEF improvement and left ventricular volume reduction were maintained till postoperative one year. The tendency for left ventricular volume to increase at postoperative one year suggested the requirement of strict medical management.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.343-352
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• 2001

Background : Advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by progressive pulmonary hypertension leading to right heart dysfunction, which plays a Important role in clinical evaluation but remains difficult and challenging to quantify. The noninvasive doppler echocardiographic value referred to as the Tei index has been suggested as a simple, reproducible and reliable parameter of the right ventricular function. The purpose of this was to assess the right ventricular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using the Tei index and to evaluate its relationship with the pulmonary functional status. Methods : The study population comprised of 26 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 10 normal control subjects. The Tei index was obtained by dividing the sum of the isovolumetric contraction and the relaxation times by the ejection time using a pulsed-wave doppler. It was compared with the other available Doppler echocardiographic parameters of systolic or diastolic function and with the pulmonary function of the patients. Results : The Tei indices of the patients with COPD were significantly higher than those of normal subjects($0.45{\pm}0.17$ vs. $0.27{\pm}0.03$, p<0.01). The isovolumetric contraction time/ejection time($0.32{\pm}0.08$ vs. $0.25{\pm}0.05$, p<0.05), the isovolumetric relaxation time/ejection time($0.29{\pm}0.16$ vs. $0.15{\pm}0.08$, p<0.05)and the preejection period/ejection time ($0.46{\pm}0.10$ vs. $0.38{\pm}0.06$, p<0.05) were prolonged and the ejection time ($255.2{\pm}32.6$ vs. $314.2{\pm}16.5$ msec, p<0.05) was significantly shortened in patients with COPD compared to normal subjects. The tei indices were inversely correlated with the $FEV_1$ (r=-0.46, p<0.05) and were prolonged significantly in patients with a severe obstructive ventilatory dysfunction(less than 35% of predicted $FEV_1$) compared to those with a mild and moderate ventilatory dysfunction. The tei indices showed an inverse correlation to with the ejection time (r=-0.469), the isovolumetric contraction time/ejection time(r=0.453), the isovolumetric relaxation time/ejection time(r=0.896) and the preejection period/ejection time(r=0.480). Conclusion : The tei index appeared to be a useful noninvasive means of evaluating the right ventricular function. It revealed a significant correlation with the pulmonary function in patients with COPD.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 1988

The measurement was investigated with 18 heads of fetus(60, 90, 120 days of gestation) and neonate in Korean native goats. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The crown-rump length of fetuses at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 8.71, 20.83, 31.10 and 34.93 cm, respectively. 2. The length of small intestine at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 32.28, 157.10, 303.52 and 457.06 cm, respectively. 3. The length of large intestine at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 9.20, 37.70, 82.06 and 94.46 cm, respectively. 4. The ratio of intestinal length to crown-rump length at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was 4.76, 9.45, 12.40 and 15.79 times, respectively. 5. At 60 days of gestation, the total length of the vertebral column was $7.40{\pm}0.72cm$, The mean length of each segment of the vertebral column was $1.55{\pm}0.20cm$ in cervical, $2.29{\pm}0.21cm$ in thoracic, $1.46{\pm}0.10cm$ in lumbar, $0.51{\pm}0.04cm$ in sacral and $1.59{\pm}0.17cm$ in coccygeal vertebrae. 6. At 90 days of gestation, the total length of the vertebral column was $16.52{\pm}0.80cm$. The mean length of each segment of the vertebral column was $3.72{\pm}0.12cm$ in cervical, $5.09{\pm}0.26cm$ in thoracic, $3.22{\pm}0.04cm$ in lumbar, $1.97{\pm}0.03cm$ in sacral and $2.64{\pm}0.35cm$ in coccygeal vertebrae. 7. At 120 days of gestation, the total length of the vertebral column was $26.35{\pm}0.34cm$. The mean length of each segment of the vertebral column was $6.09{\pm}0.16cm$ in cervical, $7.81{\pm}0.07cm$ in thoracic, $5.08{\pm}0.07cm$ in lumbar, $3.07{\pm}0.02cm$ in and $4.31{\pm}0.02cm$ in coccygeal vertebrae. 8. In the neonate, the total length of the vertebral column was $32.41{\pm}1.57cm$. The mean length of each segment of vertebral was $7.70{\pm}0.25cm$ in cervical, $9.97{\pm}0.68cm$ in thoracic, $5.58{\pm}0.44cm$ in lumbar, $3.85{\pm}0.15cm$ in sacral and $5.05{\pm}0.06cm$ coccygeal vertebrae. 9. The chest girth at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was $6.13{\pm}0.51$, $13.45{\pm}0.84$, $20.28{\pm}1.53$ and $22.94{\pm}1.75cm$, respectively. 10. The head length at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was $2.93{\pm}0.07$, $6.67{\pm}0.13$, $8.84{\pm}0.51$ and $9.76{\pm}0.44cm$, respectively. 11. The width of the head at 60, 90, 120 days of gestation and neonate was $2.20{\pm}0.13$, $4.45{\pm}0.11$, $5.33{\pm}0.20$ and $5.51{\pm}0.32cm$, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.340-348
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• 2012

To evaluate the usefulness of tomosynthesis in the chest area, simple radiograph, low-dose CT, and tomosynthesis examinations were performed, and their absorbed doses were compared, and finally the images were evaluated. The absorbed dose recorded with the simple Radiograph examination was $0.33{\pm}0.27$ mGy, that of low-dose CT $1.26{\pm}0.56$ mGy, and that of tomosynthesis $0.55{\pm}0.02$ mGy, which indicate significance differences in absorbed doses among the examinations(p<0.001). Based on the evaluations of the images, The simple radiograph scores were $1.66{\pm}0.72$, $1.61{\pm}0.63$, and $1.57{\pm}0.73$, respectively; low-dose CT scores were $2.92{\pm}0.26$, $2.91{\pm}0.29$, and $2.88{\pm}0.32$, respectively; and tomosynthesis scores were $2.69{\pm}0.51$, $2.76{\pm}0.43$, and $2.66{\pm}0.61$, respectively. That is, there were statistically significant differences among the examinations(p<0.001), although there was no significant difference between low-dose CT and tomosynthesis examinations. Therefore, tomosynthesis is judged to be a useful examination that can minimize radiation doses to patients during chest examinations and enhance diagnostic efficacy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1972

Fifteen cases of primiparas and their offsprings (fetal cord) were investigated with regard their serum total, free and esterified cholesterol by means of Liberman Buchard reaction. The serum ${\alpha}-and\;{\beta}-lipoprotein$ were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and the serum atherolipid numbers were calculated on the bases of the serum total cholesterol and ${\beta}-/{\alpha}-$ lipoprotein ratio, with the following conclusion. 1.Total, free and esterified cholesterol are $178.9{\pm}25.3$, $45.1{\pm}12.6$ and $133.7{\pm}20.6\;mg.%$ in the normal control women, $201.5{\pm}29.5,\;58.7{\pm}42.1$ and $157.1{\pm}26.2\;mg.%$ in the maternal blood, showing hypercholesterolemia in the latter as compared to the former. 2. The serum total, free and esterified cholesterol in the cord blood are $94.5{\pm}20.4$, $32.9{\pm}1.5$ and $61.2{\pm}18.9mg.%$, showing hypocholesterolemia as compared to the control women and maternal blood. 3. The serum ${\alpha}-$, $pre-{\beta}$, ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ and chylomicron are $24.2{\pm}4.2$, $17.3{\pm}3.4$, $51.8{\pm}4.8$ and $6.0{\pm}1.6%$ in the normal women, whereas $14.9{\pm}2.1$, $22.2{\pm}5.1$, $58.7{\pm}3.3 and 3.1{\pm}1.2%$ in the maternal serum, $32.4{\pm}8.1$, $28.8{\pm}2.4$, $25.8{\pm}7.0$ and $3.1{\pm}0.9%$ in the cord serum, showing $hyper-{\beta}-lipoproteinemia$ in the former and $hypo-{\beta}-lipoproteinemia$ in the latter. 4. The serum atherolipid number of the normal control women, maternal cord blood are $4.21{\pm}1.24$, $8.02{\pm}1.42$ and $1.12{\pm}0.37$, showing hyperlipemia in the former and hypolipemia in latter. 5. The relative ratio of the serum free and esterified cholestrol of both normal control women and maternal blood is about 1 : 3, while that of the fetal blood about 1 : 2. 6. The relative ratioes of the serum ${\alpha}-and$ ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ in the control women is about 1 : 2, that of materna blood about 1 : 3 and that of the fetal blood about equal magnitude. 7. The serum esterified cholesterol, ${\alpha}-lipoprotein,\;{\beta}-/{\alpha}-lipoprotein$ ratio and atherolipid number fluctuates are proportionally between the maternal and fetal blood, while the serum free, total cholesterol and ${\beta}-lipoprotein$ between the two vary inversely with statistically significant corelations. 8. It is apparent from the above results that the fetal nutritional demand for lipids resulted from hypocholesterolemia and hypo ${\beta}-lipoproteinemia$ seems to be met satisfactorily by maternal hypercholesterolemia and hyper ${\beta}-lipoproteinemia$, which seems to pose a significant maternal-infant nutritional relationship. A brief ciscussion was made on these conciusion in the light of biochemistry and endocrinology.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 2012

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of camphorquinone (CQ)-amine ratio on the C=C double bond conversion of resins with binary and ternary photoinitiation systems. Materials and Methods: Two monomer mixtures (37.5 Bis-GMA/37.5 Bis- EMA/25 TEGDMA) with binary systems (CQ/DMAEMA in weight ratio, group A [0.5/1.0] and B [1.0/0.5]) and four mixtures with ternary system (CQ/OPPI/DMAEMA, group C [0.1/1.0/0.1], D [0.1/1.0/ 0.2], E [0.2/1.0/0.1] and F [0.2/1.0/0.2]) were tested: 1 : 2 or 2 : 1 CQ-amine ratio in binary system, while 1 : 1 ratio was added in ternary system. The monomer mixture was cured for 5, 20, 40, and 300 sec with a Demetron 400 curing unit (Demetron). After each exposure time, degree of conversion (DC) was estimated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer (Nicolet 520, Nicolet Instrument Corp.). The results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Scheffe test, with p = 0.05 as the level of significance. Results: DC (%) was expressed in the order of curing time (5, 20, 40, and 300 sec). Group A ($14.63{\pm}10.42$, $25.23{\pm}6.32$, $51.62{\pm}2.69$, $68.52{\pm}2.77$); Group B ($4.04{\pm}6.23$, $16.56{\pm}3.38$, $37.95{\pm}2.79$, $64.48{\pm}1.21$); Group C ($16.87{\pm}5.72$, $55.47{\pm}2.75$, $60.83{\pm}2.07$, $68.32{\pm}3.31$); Group D ($23.77{\pm}1.64$, $61.05{\pm}1.82$, $65.13{\pm}2.09$, $71.87{\pm}1.17$); Group E ($28.66{\pm}2.92$, $56.68{\pm}1.33$, $60.66{\pm}1.17$, $68.78{\pm}1.30$); Group F ($39.74{\pm}6.31$, $61.07{\pm}2.58$, $64.22{\pm}2.29$, $69.94{\pm}2.15$). Conclusion: All the monomers with ternary photoinitiation system showed higher DC than the ones with binary system, until 40 sec. Concerning about the effect of CQ-amine ratio on the DC, group A converted into polymer more than group B in binary system. However, there was no significant difference among groups with ternary system, except group C when cured for 5 sec only.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.66-66
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of different energy substrates on embryonic development of mouse embryos. Two cell embryos, recovered from ICR female mice (4 weeks old) at 44~52hrs after hCG injection (mated just after hCG injection), were cultured fur 72 hrs in the medium (MEM) supplemented with the three different energy substrates [glucose(G), pyruvate(P) and lactate(L)] and combinations (Control: 0 mM: group A: G 0.5; B: G 3.15; C: P 0.1; D: P 0.32; E: L 5.87; F: L 10.5; G: G0.5+P0.32+L10.5; H: G3.15+P0.1+L5.87; I: G0.5+P0.1+L5.87; J: G3.15+P0.32+L10.5). Blastocysts were stained differentially using PI and bisbenzimide. The 69.8% of the 2 cell embryos cultured in group F were developed the blastocysts. This was the highest (NS) than all other tested groups (44.2~62.8%). Blastocysts, cultured in the group E (60.4$\pm$26.9) and G (58.1$\pm$26.3), had significantly(p<0.05: group E vs. control, B, C, D; G vs. control, A, B, C, D) higher mean cell number compared with the other (42.6$\pm$25.8 ~ 55.2$\pm$31.3) and control (42.6$\pm$25.8) was at the basal level. The proportion of ICM (% ICM of total cells) in blastocysts cultured in group B (26.0$\pm$9.5%), C (29.6$\pm$22.8%) and J (26.0$\pm$11.8%) were significantly higher (p<0.05: control vs. group B, C, J: A vs. C, J; C vs. D, E, I) than those of other tested groups (15.0$\pm$10.6 ~ 23.8$\pm$ 12.9％) and control (15.0$\pm$10.6％) was at the basal level. These results showed that energy substrates supported the development of mouse 2 cell embryos, especially with greater embryo development in high dose of lactate added to media.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.688-696
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• 2019

This study investigated changes in triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis and tyrosinase activity induced by ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) extract, which cannot be stored for long periods of time due to its high moisture content when it was fermented to improve its storage stability. The accumulation of triglyceride and cholesterol in HepG2 cells inhibited the accumulation with a relatively large magnitude in n-butanol and aqueous fractions that generally have high polarity, however, changes in inhibition potency due to the fermentation were not significant. As for the effect to inhibit tyrosinase activity, when L-tyrosine was used as a substrate, the inhibitory activity was the highest for the aqueous fraction at $60.58{\pm}4.03%$ and $63.35{\pm}4.35%$, before and after fermentation, respectively, which amounted to 72% of that of the positive control group (arbutin, $100{\mu}g/ml$). In addition, when L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) was used as a substrate, the inhibitory activity was also found the highest for the aqueous fraction at $56.85{\pm}1.57%$ and $59.38{\pm}1.74%$, before and after fermentation, respectively, which amounted to at least 88% of that in the positive control (kojic acid, $100{\mu}g/ml$). Overall, the activity of the fermented ice plant extract was similar or a little higher compared to that of the one without fermentation, indicating that fermentation can be a good approach to improve the storage stability of the ice plant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.29-32
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• 2005

주거지역 A와 주거지역 B의 PM10 평균농도 비교에서 산업지역과 인접한 주거지역 A에서 계절에 관계없이 26-32% 높은 농도를 나타내어 산업지역에 인접한 주거지역 A가 먼 주거지역 B 보다 PM10의 영향에 더 크게 노출된 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. PM10에 포함된 Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn 등의 무기성분은 대부분 인위적인 발생원과 관련성이 있는 대기 오염물질로, 인위적인 배출원의 영향정도를 파악하기 위하여 풍성계수 분석결과 높은 풍성계수를 나타내어 인위적인 오염원임을 확인 할 수 있었고, 그 평균농도는 주거지역 A가 주거지역 B 보다 높게 나타나 주거지역 A가 주거지역 B 보다 산업 오염원의 노출에 더 많은 영향을 받는 다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한 이들 무기화합물질의 상관성 분석결과 높은 상관성과 통계적인 유의성 (p<0.01)이 있었으며, 공통의 오염원을 추정 할 수 있었다. PM10의 가능한 오염원 기여도 평가에 있어서, 주거지역 A에서는 제철관련 오염원과 토양오염원의 공통 오염원 기여도가 33.4%로 나타나 산업관련 오염원의 기여도를 뚜렷하게 분리하여 평가하기는 곤란하였으나, 주거지역 B에서 토양관련 오염원의 독립적인 농도 기여도가 54%로 높게 나타났기 때문에, 상대적으로 산업지역과 인접한 주거지역 A에서 산업관련 오염원 기여도가 높은 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

This paper presents muscle-inspired serial digital actuators, achieving the improvement of the range-to-precision and range-to-voltage performance. We propose a weight-balanced design for the serial actuators with serpentine springs using serial arrangement of digital actuators. We have measured the displacement range, precision, and drive voltage at unit and serial actuation of 1Hz. The serial digital actuators produce a full range displacement of $28.44{\pm}0.02{\mu}m$, accumulating the unit displacement of $2.8{\pm}0.5{\mu}m$ at the operating voltage of $4.47{\pm}0.07V$. In addition, the serial digital actuators having the displacement precision of $37.94{\pm}6.26nm$ do not accumulate the precision of the unit actuators, $36.0{\pm}17.7nm$. We experimentally verify that the serial digital actuators achieve the range-to-squared-voltage ratio of $1.423{\mu}m/V^2$ and the range-to-precision ratio of 749.6.