• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.82-99
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• 2016

This study was carried out to understand the regional contribution of Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from East Asia ($82^{\circ}{\sim}149^{\circ}E$, $18^{\circ}{\sim}53^{\circ}N$) to Seoul during high concentration period in February 2014. The Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) version 5.0.2 with Decoupled Direct Method (DDM) was used to analyze levels of contributions over Seoul. In order to validate model performance of the CMAQ, predicted PM and its chemical species concentrations were compared to observations in China and Seoul. Model predictions could depict the daily and hourly variations of observed PM. The calculated PM concentrations, however, had a tendency of underestimation. The discrepancies are due to uncertainties of meteorological data, emission inventories and CMAQ model itself. The high PM concentration in Seoul was induced by stationary anticyclone over the West Coast of Korea during 24 to 27 February. The DDM in CMAQ was used to analyze the contributions of emissions from East Asia on Seoul during this PM episode. $PM_{10}$ concentration in Seoul is contributed by 39.77%~53.19% from China industrial and urban region, 15.37%~37.10% from South Korea, and 9.03%~18.05% North Korea. These indicate that $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Seoul during the episode period are dominated by long-range transport from China region as well as domestic sources. It was also found that the largest contribution region in China were Shandong peninsula during the PM event period.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 1977

The author carried out to determine the normal range of eruptive time, average age and order of eruption of primary teeth in korean infants. The examimation was given to 1757 healty infants(Male 1032, female 725) from afterbirth 4 months to 32 months. The results was as fallows. 1. The eruption of primary teeth was 0.57 months earlier in male than in female. 2. The average month of eruption of primary teeth was as follows; Upper primary central is $9.66{\pm}0.19$ months Upper primary lateral is $11.58{\pm}0.18$ months. Upper primary canine is $18.06{\pm}0.32$ months. Upper first primary molar is $16.45{\pm}0.29$ months. Upper second primary molar is $24.28{\pm}0.51$ months. Lower primary central is $7.50{\pm}0.12$ months. Lower primary lateral is $12.87{\pm}0.16$ months. Lower primary camine is $18.82{\pm}0.34$ months. Lower first primary molar is $17.66{\pm}0.37$ months. Lower second primary molar is $23.89{\pm}0.51$ months. 3. The eruptive order of the korean is different from that of the American and same to that of Japanese. 4. There is no significant right and left arch. 5. Generally, the eruption of primary teeth on the upper is 1.08 months earlier than on the lower; but the upper central is 2.16 months later than the lower and the upper second primary is 0.39 months later than the lower.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.20-25
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• 2010

Aim : This study was conducted to assess the oral health status of deaf and mute children attending special school. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 137 deaf and mute children with ages ranging from 7 to 18 years. A total of 76 males (55.47%) with mean age of $14.2{\pm}4.5$ and 61 females (44.53%) with mean age of $13.8{\pm}4.2$ years and studying in a school for deaf and mute children in Warora were considered. Data were collected using a standard method recommended by WHO for the oral health survey in 1977. Oral health status was assessed using OHIS, Loe and Sinless, and CPI Index along with DMFT and DMFS Index. Gingival position was considered for measuring attachment loss. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package (version 17.0). Results : The mean DMFT was found to be $2.53{\pm}1.72$, and mean DMFS, $3.37{\pm}3.16$. The prevalence of dental caries was pegged at 35.32%, with mean OHIS score at $1.49{\pm}0.76$. Overall gingival index among deaf and mute children was $0.81{\pm}1.4$, whereas that for the upper arch and lower arch was $0.92{\pm}0.84$ and $1.19{\pm}0.95$, respectively. The mean score for the CPI Index among deaf and mute children was found to be $0.42{\pm}0.32$. Gingival clinical attachment loss was found to be $0.26{\pm}0.15mm$. Conclusion : These findings suggest that children with hearing disabilities can also have good oral hygiene comparable to normal individuals of the same age group. These results may be attributed to the fact that the study sample was taken from a single school of a private organization with a well-equipped dental setup.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

Objectives : The present study was designed to investigate effects of mixed extracts (9:1, v/v) of Hwangryunhaedoktang, Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil. We evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity by manufacturing mixed extracts as the materials for functional medicinal herb cosmetics. Methods : We performed antimicrobial were tested microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Propionibacterium acnes) by disc diffusion method and measure clear zone. Antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. Results : Antimicrobial activities of mixed extracts against S. epidermideis, P. acnes, S. aureus, E. coli, and Candida. A were $10.9{\pm}3.0mm$, $16.9{\pm}2.0mm$, $9.2{\pm}2.0mm$, $10.3{\pm}1.0mm$, $11.8{\pm}3.0mm$ respectively. The Chamaecyparis obtusa essential oil had the highest antimicrobial activities against S. epidermideis, P. acnes, S. aureus, E. coli, and Candia. A and clear zone of microbes ware $16.7{\pm}3.0mm$, $28.8{\pm}0.2mm$, $15.9{\pm}2.0mm$, $11.5{\pm}1.0mm$, $16.3{\pm}3.0mm$. Hwangryunhaedoktang extract showed antimicrobial activity but only P. acnes and S. aureus The antioxidant activities of the mixed extracts were tested through the evaluation of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The 100 % mixed extracts were found to have 90 % DPPH radical scavenging activity. The mixed extracts was presented similar antioxidant activities compared with that of ascorbic acid. As a result, A mixture extract is expected to have antimicrobial effects and free radical scavenging activity was found. Conclusions : Accordingly, It can be concluded that mixed extracts has the potential to cosmetic material.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate effect of ankle instability on peripheral muscle activation among female ballet dancers to provide information on the development of prevention programs for ankle injury rehabilitation. Methods: 32 female ballet dancers were randomly divided into two groups: experience ankle sprain group (n=16, age, $20.7{\pm}0.8years$, BMI $18.6{\pm}1.2kg/m2$) and non-experience ankle sprain group (n=16, $age=21.0{\pm}0.8years$, BMI $19.6{\pm}2.0kg/m2$). Activation of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior muscle, and gastrocnemius during vertical landing, half pointe, and gait between the two groups were measured. Body composition analyzer was used to examine skeletal muscle mass and body fat mass. Results: A total of 32 patients were included. In the experience ankle sprain group (n=16: left sprain 14, right sprain 2), average ankle sprain injury occurred 7.5 months before the study. The average age of the dancers in the experience ankle sprain group and non-experience ankle sprain group was $20.7{\pm}0.8$ and $21.0{\pm}0.8years$, major period was $64.5{\pm}23.8$ and $71.6{\pm}25.8months$, BMI was $18.6{\pm}1.2$ and $19.5{\pm}2.0kg/m2$, respectively. No significant differences were found on body composition between the two groups (p>0.05). The experience ankle sprain group showed significantly lower tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscle activation (p<0.5), while gastrocnemius muscle activation appeared to be significantly higher (p<0.05) during landing, half pointe, and normal gait. Conclusion: Ankle sprain can cause a decline in peripheral muscle activation and coordination, which increased the risk for repetitive ankle sprain in the future. Moreover, ankle peripheral muscle selective strength training, coordination program development, and application need to be considered to prevent ankle sprain.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to identity the death anxiety of elderly people living alone, and the factors that affect their death anxiety. The subjects did not have an impaired cognitive function, and were from one Chungcheongnamdo 2 district in the elderly University. The subjects were 187 elderly people over the age of 65 living alone in the district. The character, communication, and data was collected from February, 2014 to 2 May, 2015 and analyzed using the SPSS 18 program. The death anxiety whole point of elderly people living alone was 2.94 (${\pm}0.32$); it was 3.06 (${\pm}0.32$) points according to the sub-region 'death process anxiety', 2.88 (${\pm}0.51$) points according to 'after-death anxiety', and 2.75 (${\pm}0.43$) points according to 'presence loss anxiety'. The factors affecting the death anxiety were economic status, depression, and spiritual wellbeing. Economic status (${\beta}=-.36$, p= .000) had the largest effect with an overall explanatory power of 20.3%. Therefore, for the death anxiety of elderly people living alone, life needs to be strengthened through social security systems with intervention programs to improve the quality of depression and spiritual wellbeing.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.669-674
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• 2006

In order to develop a model on the quality and nutrition label of Korean fruit plum, we first examined the quality and nutritional characteristics of Korean Plum, ChooHee. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, crude ash and N-free extinct were 92% 0.74% 0.64% 1.65%, 0.32% 4.29% respectively. Thus the total calorie of the sample was 32 kcal/100 g. The content of sugar, acidity and Vitamin C were $33{\pm}0.85 Bx^{\circ}$, $1.08{\pm}0.12%$ and $7.037{\pm}0.317mg%$ respectively. The principle minerals were S, K, Ca, Na, and Mg. Major free sugars were fructose, glucose and sucrose and major organic acid were succinic acid, malic acid and citric acid. The difference of contents of total phenols between peel and flesh pare were considerable. The total phenolic contents of whole fruit were $75.55{\pm}0.73mg%$. On the above results, the quality and nutrition label of Korean plum were developed in the first time. We expect that this study on labeling could play an important role to the quality control and marketing of Korean agricultural products.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the breeding status of farms to improve the production efficiency of Hanwoo calf. The study was conducted on 45 farms divided into two groups. This study was conducted to investigate the breeding size and breeding area of Hanwoo cows. The average age at first delivery of Hanwoo was 28.7 months. The number of artificial insemination per pregnancy was $1.45{\pm}0.32$, and the number of artificial insemination days after birth was 119.8 days. Conception rates were $75.2{\pm}16.93%$ for small farms and $70.6{\pm}17.46%$ for medium sized farms and $71.4{\pm}11.03%$ for large farms. When we looked at farming methods, 'the farmers using estrus observation aids' had 10.42% higher calf production rate than the 'unused farmers'. The farms vaccinated with IBR and BVDV for breeding cattle showed a 4.41% decrease in abortion, stillbirth and mortality. According to farming conditions, conception rate and delivery rate improved by 3.47% and 18.29%, respectively, when grazing and exercising were performed. Observation, immunization and grazing were found to be important indicators for improving calf production efficiency in Hanwoo farm. This study can be used as a research data to improve the reproductive rate of farmhouse sites through the survey on the breeding status of Hanwoo farmers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1994

This study was carried out to compare serum lipid levels in 20 chronic alcoholics to those in 30 normal subjects. The mean systolic blood pressure in normals and chronic alcoholics were 113.0$\pm$16.9mmHg and 125.5$\pm$13.4mmHg, respectively. The differences between the two groups were significant(p〈0.01). The serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were 158.8$\pm$32.9mg/이 and 104.6$\pm$48.8mg/이 in normals and 204.9$\pm$45.8mg/이 and 206.5$\pm$128.9mg/이 in chronic alcoholics, respectively. The differences between the two groups were significant(p〈0.001 and p〈0.01). The serum HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were 45.7$\pm$10.0mg/이 and 92.2$\pm$28.5mg/이 in normals and 46.6$\pm$19.6mg/이 and 116.7$\pm$49.8mg/이 in chronic alcoholics, respectively. The differences between the two groups were not significant. Results of this study confirms the high level of serum lipids, especially of triglyceride in chronic alcoholics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.977-982
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate physiological activities in the extract of Eriobotrya japonica in order to elevate its utilization as a functional material. The maximum total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were 28.91$\pm$2.1 mg/g and 10.54$\pm$4.6 mg/g, respectively. The nitrite scavenging abilities at pH 1.2 were in the range of $49.52\pm1.04\sim72.52\pm$0.84% whereas they were $35.28\pm0.78\sim51.20\pm$1.10% at pH 4.2 and $27.90\pm0.36\sim32.26\pm$1.20% at pH 6.0. At the concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 $\mu g$/mL of the hot-water extract, the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells were inhibited 14.58$\pm$0.97%, 43.69$\pm$0.96% and 95.58$\pm$0.75%, respectively. The anti-inflammation activity was the highest as 44.35$\pm$0.63% at a concentration of 400 $\mu g$/mL.