• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.499-503
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• 1995

The performance records of 410 Holstein Friesian crossbred cows belonging to seven genetic groups (Fl, 3/4, 1/4, 5/8, 3/8, triple cross and miscellaneous cross) maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara were analyzed for various parameters of lifetime traits. For the analysis 2 data sets were made. Data set I included all the cows disposed off from the herd which have completed at least one lactation while for data set II performance traits for only first five lactations were considered. The data was analyzed by Mixed Model Least squares and Maximum Likelihood computer programme PC-I version. The least squares means ${\times}$ standard errors for data set I (periods are in days and milk yield is in litres) were $994.5{\pm}15.5$, $1,877.0{\pm}70.9$, $1,651.9{\pm}19.3$, $2,533.7{\pm}36.5$, $3,530.0{\pm}40.5$, $15,785.2{\pm}320.0$, $8.46{\pm}0.19$, $5.66{\pm}0.16$ and $3.79{\pm}0.08$, respectively for age at first calving (APC), Ist lactation milk yield (FLMY), productive life (PL), herd life (HL), total life (TL), lifetime milk yield (LTMY), milk yield per day of productive life (MY/PL), milk yield per day of herd life (MY/HL) and milk yield per day of total life (MY/TL). For data set II these values were $1,004.2{\pm}21.2$, $2,220.5{\pm}113.1$, $1,429.1{\pm}40.8$, $2,302.1{\pm}73.3$, $3,307.2{\pm}77.3$, $13,189.7{\pm}667.4$, $9.10{\pm}0.34$, $5.66{\pm}0.25$ and $4.02{\pm}0.18$ in the same order. For data set I the effect of year of first calving was significant for AFC, FLMY, PL, HL, LTMY and MY/PL. The season of Ist calving was significant only for MY/PL. The effect of genetic group was significant for AFC, FLMY, MY/PL and MY/TL while the effect of parity was significant for all the traits. For data set II the effect of year of Ist calving was significant only for AFC, FLMY and PL while the season of Ist calving was significant for FLMY and PL while the effect of genetic groups was significant for MY/HL only. The lifetime production performance is in general close to the various estimates reported in the literature.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.559-566
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• 2017

This aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides from Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo (PCP) in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and splenocytes. The immunomodulatory activity was determined by cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell surface marker expression (CD 80/86 and MHC class I/II), and cytokine production in BMDC, and cell viability, and cytokine production in splenocytes. Cell proliferation and cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor; TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-12) tested in BMDC were significantly increased by PCP treatment. Additionally, the cell surface markers (CD 80/86, MHC class I/II) were highly increased by PCP treatment. For cytokine production in splenocytes, PCP treatment significantly increased the production of Th 1 cytokines [IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$], but not Th 2 cytokines (IL-4). Therefore, PCP can induce immune cell activation and is a potential candidate for the development of nutraceuticals to boost the immune system.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.469-480
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• 2012

This study was to analyze the characteristics of diurnal variation of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration, $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio by spatio-temporal wind system (wind speed and wind direction) for high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration (over the 24 hr environmental standard of $PM_{2.5}$, $50{\mu}g/m^3$) in the air quality observation sites (Jangrimdong: Industrial area, Jwadong: Residential area) that were measured for 3 years (2005. 12. 1-2008. 11. 30) in Busan. The observation days of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were 182 at Jangrimdong and 27 at Jwadong. The seasonal diurnal variation of hourly mean of high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration and of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio showed a similar pattern that had higher variation at dawn, and night and in the morning than in the afternoon. Durning daytime in summer at Jwadong, the $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio increased because a secondary particulate matter, which was created by photochemical reaction, decreased the coarse particles of $PM_{10}$ more than the fine particles of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in ocean condition. We did an analysis of spatio-temporal wind system (wind speed range and wind direction) in each time zone. The result showed that high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration at Jangrimdong occurred due to the congestion of pollutants emissions from the industrial complex in Jangrimdong area and the transportation of pollutants from places nearby Jangrimdong. It also showed that high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration occurred at Jwadong because of a number of local residential and commercial activities that caused the congestion of pollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.157-167
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• 2017

Millions of People die every year from diseases caused by exposure to outdoor air pollution. Especially, one of the most severe types of air pollution is fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5). South Korea also has been suffered from severe PM. This paper analyzes regional risks induced by PM10 and PM2.5 that have affected domestic area of Korea during 2014~2016.3Q. We investigated daily maxima of PM10 and PM2.5 data observed on 284 stations in South Korea, and found extremely high outlier. We employed extreme value distributions to fit the PM10 and PM2.5 data, but a single distribution did not fit the data well. For theses reasons, we implemented extreme mixture models such as the generalized Pareto distribution(GPD) with the normal, the gamma, the Weibull and the log-normal, respectively. Next, we divided the whole area into 16 regions and analyzed characteristics of PM risks by developing the FN-curves. Finally, we estimated 1-month, 1-quater, half year, 1-year and 3-years period return levels, respectively. The severity rankings of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration turned out to be different from region to region. The capital area revealed the worst PM risk in all seasons. The reason for high PM risk even in the yellow dust free season (Jun. ~ Sep.) can be inferred from the concentration of factories in this area. Gwangju showed the highest return level of PM2.5, even if the return level of PM10 was relatively low. This phenomenon implies that we should investigate chemical mechanisms for making PM2.5 in the vicinity of Gwangju area. On the other hand, Gyeongbuk and Ulsan exposed relatively high PM10 risk and low PM2.5 risk. This indicates that the management policy of PM risk in the west side should be different from that in the east side. The results of this research may provide insights for managing regional risks induced by PM10 and PM2.5 in South Korea.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 2010

Purpose : Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known as one of the common causes of secondary enuresis in children. However, enuresis in diabetic children is overlooked only as a symptom of polyuria due to hyperglycemia. We evaluated the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children with diabetes mellitus in this paper. Methods : Among children with diabetes in three hospitals in Daegu area, 117 agreed to 'Tele research by means of a questionnaire'. Results : Diabetic patients were divided into two groups: Nocturnal enuresis and nonnocturnal enuresis group. thirty-two of 117 (27.0%) patients were in enuresis group, with more daytime urination than non-nocturnal enuresis group ($4.2{\pm}1.6/3.6{\pm}1.2$ times, P=0.016). HbA1c at diagnosis was $12.0{\pm}2.3%/12.0{\pm}2.5%$, and at follow-up $9.3{\pm}2.3%/8.3{\pm}2.3%$ (P =0.042). Insulin was administered at $1.1{\pm}0.5/1.1{\pm}0.4$ units/kg/day. Ten children of enuresis (31.2%) group were monosymptomatic (MNE) and 22 (68.8%) children were non-monosymptomatic enuresis (non-MNE). Fourteen (43.8%) of enuresis group had persistent symptoms, with 5 MNE and 9 non-MNE each. HbA1c at diagnosis was $11.1{\pm}2.5$, $12.4{\pm}2.1$, higher in non-MNE (P=0.144). Average arousal during sleep was step $3.3{\pm}1.2$, $2.5{\pm}1.0$, higher in improved enuresis group (P=0.059). Conclusion : Nocturnal enuresis among DM patients is underestimated. However, considering psychological and social effects of enuresis in children, extensive and long-term studies are needed in the future to clarify relationship between prevalence and DM control.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 1983

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of thyroid hormone on the left ventricular(LV) volume arid function in man with untreated hyperthyroidism and to determine the effects of successful therapy for thyrotoxicosis on the ventricular pathophysiology. In the present study, equilibrium radionuclide cardiac angiography was performed and LV volume index, ejection phase indexes of LV performance, serum thyroid hormone levels and other hemodynamic parameters were measured in 28 normal subjects and 39 patients with hyperthyroidism before treatment and again every 4 weeks for the first 2 months after the initiation of effective therapy. The results obtained were as follows; 1) In the untreated hyperthyroid state heart rate, blood volume, cardiac index and stroke volume index($97{\pm}14$ beats/min, $73.5{\pm}11.8ml/kg,\;6.9{\pm}1.4\;l/min/m^2$ and $77.6{\pm}13.8ml/m^2$, respectively) were increased significantly compared to those in normal control($74{\pm}12beats/min$, $66.6{\pm}14.8ml/kg,\;3.8{\pm}1.2\;l/min/m^2$ and $56.6{\pm}13.2ml/m^2$ respectively). $(Mean{\pm}SD)$ 2) There was a significant increase in LV end-diastolic volume index in patients with hyperthyroidism ($30.5{\pm}7.5$ for hyperthyroid group compared to a normal control of $22.2{\pm}6.5$; p<0.001), whereas end-systolic volume index remained unchanged $9.6{\pm}3.6\;and\;8.8{\pm}3.3$ respectively).3) In patients with hyperthyroidism, LV ejection fraction was $70.0{\pm}5.6%$, fractional shortening $32.9{\pm}5.1%$, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening(mean Vcf) $1.34{\pm}0.31$ circ/sec and maximum ejection rate $3.47{\pm}0.80$. All the ejection phase indexes were significantly greater than those in normal control($65.2{\pm}5.7%,\;28.8{\pm}3.2%,\;0.88{\pm}0.37$ circ/see and $2.27{\pm}0.50$, respectively; p<0.001). 4) Effective therapy produced significant decrease in all the values of serum thyroid hormone concentrations(p<0.00l), hemodynamic parameters(p<0.001), end-diastolic volume index(p<0.01) and ejection phase indexes of LV contractility in patients with hyperthyroidism and after one to two months, when the patients were euthyroid, these measurements were in the range of normal. 5) A significant linear correlation between mean Vcf and serum thyroxine level(r=0.63, p<0.001) as well as between mean Vcf and serum triiodothyronine level(r=0.62, p<0.001) was found. The lesser degree of correlation was also noted between other ejection phase indexes and serum thyroid hormone concentrations. The results indicate that the major effects of excess thyroid hormone on the LV in human beings with hyperthyroidism are an enhancement of LV function and an increase in LV enddiastolic volume and that these effects cause predictable reversible cardiac alteration which are changed dramatically and immediately after effective therapy.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.269-286
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• 2015

24-hr integrated $PM_{2.5}$ measurements were performed between December 2013 and October 2014 at an urban site in Gwangju and the collected samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ionic species, and elemental species. Objectives of this study were to identify $PM_{2.5}$ pollution episodes, to characterize their chemical components, and to examine their probable origins. Over the course of the study period, average $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was $37.7{\pm}23.6$ $(6.0{\sim}121.5){\mu}g/m^3$. Concentrations of secondary ionic species; $NH_4{^+}$, $NO_3{^-}$, and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ was on average $5.54{\mu}g/m^3$ (0.28~ 20.86), $7.60{\mu}g/m^3$ (0.45~ 33.53), and $9.05{\mu}g/m^3$ (0.50~ 34.98), accounting for 13.7% (4.6~ 22.7), 18.6% (2.9~ 44.8), and 22.9% (4.9~ 55.1) of the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration, respectively. Average OC and EC concentrations were $5.22{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.54{\mu}g/m^3$, taking possession of 4.6 and 22.2% (as organic mass) of the $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. Frequencies at which 24-hr averaged $PM_{2.5}$ exceeded a 24-hr averaged Korean $PM_{2.5}$ standard of $50{\mu}g/m^3$ (termed as an "episode" in this study) were 30, accounting for 21.3% of total 141 measurements. These pollution episodes were mostly associated with haze phenomenon and weak surface wind speed. It is suggested that secondary formation of aerosol was one important formation mechanism of the episodes. The episodes were associated with enhancements of organic mass, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in winter, of $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in spring, and of $SO_4{^{2-}}$ in summer. Potential source contribution function results indicate also that $PM_{2.5}$ episodes were likely attributed to local and regional haze pollution transported from northeastern China in winter, to atmospheric processing of local emissions rather than long-range transport of air pollutants in spring, and to the $SO_4{^{2-}}$ driven by photochemistry of $SO_2$ in summer.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-36
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• 1999

From January 1994 to April 1997, there was 15 survivals who was admitted to the department of internal medicine, Wonkwang Oriental Medicine' Hospital in Cheun-ju, after ingestion of paraquat, and treated with Oriental and western medicine therapy. For the patients, I investigated clinical symptoms, gastroduodenoscopy, intake by oral and parenteral route, and output by urine and stool, serum ALP, AST. ALT, Bilirubin, BUN, Creatinine level and urine analysis. On admission day, the LFT level was as follows. The serum mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin was 10.05${\pm}$2.75 KAU, 66.67${\pm}$9.88 IU／L, 43.80${\pm}$7.74 IU／L, 1.89${\pm}$1.22 ㎎／dl and 1.10${\pm}$1.14 ㎎／dl respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean LFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 11.0l${\pm}$3.16 KAU, 56.47${\pm}$7.19 IU／L, 59.00${\pm}$7.57 IU／L, 2.54${\pm}$1.78 ㎎／dl, 1.64${\pm}$1.59 ㎎／dl respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean ALP; AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.51${\pm}$3.49 KAU, 77.85${\pm}$7.17 IU／L, 58.00${\pm}$9.09 IU／L, 2.54${\pm}$1.97 ㎎／dl, and 1.80${\pm}$1.81 ㎎／dl respectively. From 8th day to 10th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.43${\pm}$3.14 KAU, 41.13${\pm}$6.49 IU／L, 50.40${\pm}$7.17 IU／L, 1.66${\pm}$1.90 ㎎／dl and 1.14${\pm}$1.50 ㎎／dl respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean ALP, AST, ALT, Total Bilirubin and Direct Bilirubin level was 12.30${\pm}$3.25 KAU, 31.07${\pm}$3.85 IU／L, 43.33${\pm}$5.49 IU／L, 1.62${\pm}$1.95 ㎎／dl, 1.17${\pm}$1.71 ㎎／dl respectvely. On admission day, the mean RFT level as follows. Serum BUN and Creatinine level was 28.73${\pm}$5.19 ㎎／dl and 1.82${\pm}$1.27 ㎎／dl respectively. After that day, administered Gamdutang and checked the mean RFT level regullary. Until the 3rd day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 32.12${\pm}$5.65 ㎎／dl and 2.31${\pm}$0.45 ㎎／dl respectively. From 4th day to 7th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 31.07${\pm}$5.47 ㎎／dl and 1.92${\pm}$0.79 ㎎／dl respectively. From 7th day to 10th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 17.47${\pm}$3.57 ㎎／dl and 1.33${\pm}$0.59 ㎎／dl respectively. From 11th day to 14th day, the mean BUN and Creatinine level was 11,93${\pm}$3.16 ㎎／dl, 1.27${\pm}$0.38 ㎎／dl respectively.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.67-71
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• 2011

Purpose : To compare T2 relaxation times (T2) in the cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, hippocampal body, and insular cortex between 1.5T and 3.0T MR imagers. Materials and Methods : Twelve healthy volunteers underwent FLAIR and CPMG imaging perpendicular to the hippocampal body at both 3.0T and 1.5T. T2 was measured in the cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, hippocampal body, and insular cortex. The T2 relaxation time ratios of the cingulate cortex, insular cortex, and amygdaloid body to the hippocampal body were compared between 1.5T and 3.0T. Results : The mean T2 of the cingulate cortex, amygdaloid body, hippocampal body, and insular cortex at 1.5T were $109.5{\pm}3.1$, $117.0{\pm}7.1$, $114.7{\pm}2.4$, and $111.3{\pm}2.4$, respectively; $99.7{\pm}3.8$, $100.7{\pm}4.3$, $97.9{\pm}3.4$, and $96.2{\pm}2.0$, respectively, at 3.0T. Percentage changes of T2 in the cingulate cortex, insular cortex, amygdaloid body, and hippocampal body at 3.0T with respect to those at 1.5T were -8.9%, -13.5%, -14.6%, and -13.5%, respectively. The mean T2 ratios of the cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, and amygdaloid body to the hippocampal body at 1.5T and 3.0T were 0.96 and 1.02 (p = 0.003); 1.02 and 1.03 (p>0.05); 0.97 and 0.98 (p>0.05), respectively. Conclusion : T2 decrease in the cingulate cortex was less than the amygdaloid body, insular cortex, and hippocampal body at 3.0T. The mean T2 ratio of the cingulate gyrus to the hippocampal body was significantly different between 1.5T and 3.0T.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 2015

To investigate the seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosol in Daejeon, OC (organic carbon), EC (elemental carbon) and WSOC (water soluble organic carbon) in $PM_{2.5}$ samples collected from March 2012 to February 2013 were analyzed. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were estimated by the sum of organic matter ($1.6{\times}OC$), EC, water-soluble ions ($Na^+$, $NH_4{^{+}}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $NO_3{^{-}}$). The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were relatively higher in winter ($29.50{\pm}12.04{\mu}g/m^3$) than those in summer ($13.72{\pm}6.92{\mu}g/m^3$). Carbonaceous aerosol ($1.6{\times}OC+EC$) was a significant portion (34~47%) of $PM_{2.5}$ in all season. The seasonally averaged OC and WSOC concentrations were relatively higher in winter ($6.57{\times}3.48{\mu}gC/m^3$ and $4.07{\pm}2.53{\mu}gC/m^3$ respectively), than those in summer ($3.07{\pm}0.8{\mu}gC/m^3$, $1.77{\pm}0.68{\mu}gC/m^3$, respectively). OC was correlated well with WSOC in all season, indicating that they have similar emission sources or formation processes. In summer, both OC and WSOC were weakly correlated with EC and also poorly correlated with a well-known biomass burning tracer, levoglucosan, while WSOC is highly correlated with SOC (secondary organic carbon) and $O_3$. The results suggest that carbonaceous aerosol in summer was highly influenced by secondary formation rather than primary emissions. In contrast, both OC and WSOC in winter were strongly correlated with EC and levoglucosan, indicating that carbonaceous aerosol in winter was closely related to primary source such as biomass burning. The contribution of biomass burning to $PM_{2.5}$ OC and EC, which was estimated using the levoglucosan to OC and EC ratios of potential biomass burning sources, was about $70{\pm}15%$ and $31{\pm}10%$, respectively, in winter. Results from this study clearly show that $PM_{2.5}$ OC has seasonally different chemical characteristics and origins.