• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.209-223
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• 2018

We investigated tree composition, stand characteristics, biomass allocation pattern and carbon storage variability in Sal forests (Shorea robusta Garten.) under two forest management regimes (Sal forest and Sal plantation) in Tripura, Northeast India. The results revealed higher species richness (29 species), stand density of $1060.00{\pm}11.12stems\;ha^{-1}$ and diversity index ($1.90{\pm}0.08$) in Sal forest. and lower species richness (4 species), stand density of $ 230.00{\pm}37.22stems\;ha^{-1}$ and diversity index ($0.38{\pm}0.15$) in Sal plantation. The total basal cover $33.02{\pm}4.87m^2ha^{-1}$) and dominance ($0.76{\pm}0.08$) were found higher in Sal plantation than the Sal forest ($22.53{\pm}0.38m^2ha^{-1}$ and $0.23{\pm}0.02$ respectively). The total vegetation carbon density was recorded higher in Sal plantation ($219.68{\pm}19.65Mg\;ha^{-1}$) than the Sal forest ($167.64{\pm}16.73Mg\;ha^{-1}$). The carbon density estimates acquired in this study suggest that Sal plantation in Tripura has the potentiality to store a large amount of atmospheric carbon inspite of a very low species diversity. However, Sal forests has also an impending sink of carbon due to presence of large number of young trees.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.133-142
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the exercise intensity associated with four common physical activities for adults (running, skipping rope, walking, and muscle strength exercises) and two horticultural activities (creating a vegetable bed and garden maintenance). For this experiment, 19 males (mean age: $25.8{\pm}2.3$ years) randomly participated in the activities at a glasshouse at Konkuk University. Each of the six activities lasted for 5 minutes; the subjects rested for 5 minutes during intervals between the activities. A portable metabolic analyzer was used to store the oxygen and energy consumption values obtained upon measurement of each activity. In addition, a wireless heart rate monitor was used to measure the subjects' heart rate. According to the results, the four types of physical activities and two horticultural activities carried out by the subjects are moderate- to high-intensity activities [i.e., $3.8{\pm}0.9$ to $9.9{\pm}2.1$ metabolic equivalents (METs)]. Running ($9.9{\pm}2.1$ METs) and skipping rope ($8.8{\pm}2.2$ METs) were categorized as high-intensity physical activities, whereas creating a vegetable bed ($5.0{\pm}1.2$ METs), walking ($4.9{\pm}0.8$ METs), muscle strength exercises ($4.5{\pm}1.3$ METs), and garden maintenance ($3.8{\pm}0.9$ METs) were classified as moderate-intensity physical activities. The exercise intensities of horticultural activities in this study were similar to those of walking and muscle strength exercises. Therefore, participating in these horticultural activities is expected to garner health benefits similar to those reaped from the physical activities described in the current study.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.31 no.1_2
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• pp.10-18
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• 2004

Quadtree, which is a hierarchical data structure, is a very important data structure to represent binary images. The linear quadtree representation as a way to store a quadtree is efficient to save space compared with other representations. Therefore, it has been widely studied to develop efficient algorithms to execute operations related with quadtrees. The operations of unaligned linear quadtrees, which are operations among the linear quadtrees with different origin, are able to perform the translated or rotated images efficiently. And this operations requires alignment of the linear quadtrees. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to perform alignment of unaligned linear quadtrees, using three-dimensional $n{\pm}n{\pm}n$ processors on RMESH(Reconfigurable MESH). This algorithm has constant-time complexity by using efficient basic operations to route the locational codes of quardtree on the hierarchical structure of $n{\pm}n{\pm}n$ RMESH.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.374-385
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• 2008

A study has been performed to provide the basic information about the current dietary habits, health related behaviors, and body indices and to bring forward the importance of this information to the people's attention based upon the relation between employee's life patterns and health conditions in their daily lives. Three hundred and five department store workers were examined from August 2006 to September 2006. With the average BMI values $23.9{\pm}2.2$ for males and $20.0{\pm}1.9$ for females, both gender groups were in normal, but 62.2% of the males were overweight and 15.4% of the females were under-weight. Regarding dietary and health related factors on how they perceive themselves, as normal were 204 (66.9%) the most and bad and very bad were respectively 43 (14.1%) and 5 (1.6%). Half of the subjects (43.2%) perceived sleeping hours to be insufficient, and 64.4% of them need to exercise regularly. As problems related to eating habits, they reported irregular meal times, overeating, preference of hot and spicy food, skipping meal, unbalanced meals. Regarding weight control they have attempted were the most (73.0%), after weight reduction, 51.2% of the subjects had side effects, such as gastrointestinal troubles, anemia, dizziness, sense of fatigue, constipation, physiological disorder, and diarrhea, etc. In the food habit score, it was shown that overall average score of the subjects was $62.63{\pm}9.86$ which is lower than other studies. Female ($62.76{\pm}10.15$) had better score than male ($61.67{\pm}8.06$). While the item with the highest point was eat all three meals of the day, that was the lowest point, exercise every day. The food habit score of the younger group had lower than older group, and also they preferred sweet foods to other group. The results suggest that nutrition education for workers at specific working fields needs to be more focused on the improvement of dietary habits and health status of workers.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07f
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• pp.2045-2047
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• 1998

To store and maintain electron beams in synchrotron machines, it is very important to read and keep precise magnet current ($<{\pm}50$ ppm). However, accurate DC current measurement tools are not readily available. In this paper, we introduce high precision, wide band zero-flux current transformer that is manufactured and tested at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. This sensor can measure DC as well as AC current. Accuracy of the current transformer is less than ${\pm}$20 ppm. Performance of the manufactured current sensor is compared with a high precision DCCT which is commercially available sensor.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2013

Objectives: Cooking activity in indoor environments can generate particulate matter. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFP), $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ in cooking and non-cooking areas of major department stores in Seoul. Methods: Eighteen department stores in Seoul, Korea were measured for concentrations of particulate matter. Using real-time monitors, concentrations of UFP, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were simultaneously measured in cooking and non-cooking areas on the floor with a food court and a non-cooking floor. Results: The concentrations of UFP, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were significantly higher in cooking areas than in noncooking areas and non-cooking floors (p<0.05). UFP and $PM_{2.5}$ were significantly correlated in cooking areas and non-cooking areas but not in non-cooking floors. $PM_{2.5}$ were consisted of approximately 81% in $PM_{10}$ and highly correlated with $PM_{10}$ in all places. Conclusion: A higher correlation between UFP and $PM_{2.5}$ was shown on cooking floor than on non-cooking floor in department stores. High levels of fine particles were caused by cooking activities at food courts. The further management of PM is needed to improve the indoor PM levels at food courts in department stores.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.102-107
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• 2019

Purpose: This study compared the iron statuses of small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants at birth. Methods: The clinical data of 904 newborn infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were reviewed. Blood samples were drawn from the infants within 24 hours after birth. Serum ferritin level was used as a marker of total iron status. Results: In this study, 115 SGA (GA, $36.5{\pm}2.9weeks$; birth weight [BW], $1,975{\pm}594.5g$) and 717 AGA (GA, $35.1{\pm}3.5weeks$; BW, $2,420.3{\pm}768.7g$) infants were included. The SGA infants had higher hematocrit levels ($50.6%{\pm}5.8%$ vs. $47.7%{\pm}5.7%$, P<0.05) than the AGA infants. No difference in serum ferritin level (ng/mL) was found between the groups (mean [95% confidence interval]: SGA vs. AGA infants, 139.0 [70.0-237.0] vs. 141.0 [82.5-228.5]). After adjusting for gestational age, the SGA infants had lower ferritin levels (147.1 ng/mL [116.3-178.0 ng/mL] vs. 189.4 ng/mL [178.0-200.8 ng/mL], P<0.05). Total body iron stores were also lower in the SGA infants than in the AGA infants (185.6 [153.4-211.7] vs 202.2 [168.7-241.9], P<0.05). Conclusion: The SGA infants had lower ferritin and total body iron stores than the AGA infants. The SGA infants affected by maternal hypertension who were born at late preterm had an additional risk of inadequate iron store. Iron deficiency should be monitored in these infants during follow-up.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2020

This study was conducted out to investigate the effect of harvest time of the day, precooling or not, and temperature of precooling and storage on the marketability in strawberries 'Maehyang' for export in May. Strawberry colored with 60±5% of the skin was harvested at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm, respectively. After harvesting, some strawberries were precooled to 0, 2, 4℃ for 3 hours in the cold store, respectively, and the others were kept at room temperature. And then, strawberries were stored at low temperature in the cold store set at 4, 8 or 10℃ storage temperatures. The weight loss rate, firmness, soluble solids content, color, incidence of gray mold of strawberries were measured at two days intervals during storage for 14 days. Both 07:00 am and 15:00 pm harvest, fruits as the storage periods lapses increased weight loss rate compared to the weight at harvest time of the day, and the difference in the weight loss rate of fruits depending on the treatment was greater at 15:00 pm harvest than at 07:00 am. Firmness tended to increase again after 8th day at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm harvest, respectively. In the afternoon harvest, 10℃ storage without precooling showed the lowest fruit firmness on the 2nd day after storage. The soluble solids content at 07:00 am or 15:00 pm harvest tended to be maintained at high value with precooled and stored at low temperature as storage days elapse. The color values were significantly higher at 'L' indicating brightness and lower at 'a', indicating redness at low storage temperature regardless of harvesting time of the day and whether it was precooling or not. The incidence of gray mold was higher at 15:00 pm harvest than at 07:00 am harvest, and it was significantly higher in the treatments stored at 10℃ after precooling similarly. In this study, strawberry 'Maehyang' for export harvested at 07:00 am and stored at 4℃ after precooling at 0℃ maintained the best shelf life, therefore, it is judged that desirable to harvest in the morning with low temperature and to precool and store at low temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

A 4-week energy balance study was conducted to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) of 7 high school age men, 16 to 18 year of age, by measurement of energy intakes and changes in body energy (BE) content (intake/balance technique), keeping their normal living pattern and maintenance body weight. Gross energy intake (GE) and fecal energy (FE) loss was measured by bomb calorimetry, Urinary energy (UE) loss was calculated from nitrogen excreted. Fat mass (FM) was determined from body density estimated from skinfold thickness. 1) Mean constitutional ratio of carbohydrate, protein and Int for the total energy intake was $73.7{\pm}0.3%$, $13.5{\pm}0.3%$ and $12.9{\pm}0.5%$, respectively. 2) Fecal energy loss was 2.4% proportion of the gross energy intake. 3) Mean daily metabolizable energy estimated by subtract fecal and urinary energy loss was $2582{\pm}61\;kcal$. 4) Total body energy change estimated from body composition change over 28 days was decreased $4309{\pm}1837kcal$. 5) Mean daily energy expenditure was $2736{\pm}59kcal\;(46{\pm}1kcal/kg$ of body weight).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.726-733
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• 2001

This study was designed to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school girls in Korea. One hundred thirty-five female students residing in Ulian metropolitan city in Korea diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency participated in this study. One or two tablets of iron medicine(80-160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to all participants for 3 months. Subjects were evaluated with a questionaire, measurement of hematological indices before and after iron supplementation. The average height and weight of respondents were 161.62 $\pm$ 4.68 cm and 53.87 $\pm$ 6.10 kg, respectively. Daily intakes of energy were 1597.8 $\pm$ 302.35 kcal(76.0% RDA). Iron intakes were 13.72 $\pm$ 4.17 mg (76.3% of RDA) and calcium intakes were 580.74 $\pm$ 177.21(72.5% of RDA) before iron supp]ementation. At baseline, 63% of all participants had depleted store(serum ferritin 12 ug/ml and/or transferrin saturation(TS) < 14%). After iron supplementation, this proportion declined to 19.3%. 55.6% of subjects had 12 ug/m1 of basal ferritin concentration before iron supplementation, and this proportion declined to 16.3% after iron supplementation. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentrations were 12.13 $\pm$ 1.01 g/dl and they increased to 12.79 $\pm$ 0.81 g/dl, which showed significant difference artier iron supplementation(p < 0.001). The basal ferritin and TS(%) were 13.24 $\pm$ 11.66 ng/ml, 18.42 $\pm$ 10.12% and they significantly increased to 32.95 $\pm$ 21.14 ng/ml, 33.53 $\pm$ 16.64%, respectively(p < 0.001). The basal total iron binding protein(TIBC) were 467.81 $\pm$ 97.24 ug/dl and they significantly decreased to 325.05 $\pm$ 48.89 ug/dl(p < 0.001) after iron supplementation. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with serum iron(t = 0.553, p < 0.01), serum ferritin(t = 0.557, p < 0.01), TS(%)(t = 0.588, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with TIBC(t= -0.409, p <0.01). The anemia symptoms such as ‘Shortening of breath when going upstairs(p < 0.01)’, ‘Tired out easily(p < 0.01)’, ‘Feeling blue(p < 0.001)’, ‘Decreased ability to concentrate(p < 0.01)’, and ‘Poor memory(p < 0.001)’improved significantly after iron supplementation. In this study, daily iron supplementations were efficacious in improving the iron status and anemic symptoms of female high school students. Regular check-ups and nutrition education for adolescents are necessary because of their vulnerability to iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum effective dose of iron and to examine the adverse effect of long-term iron supplementation.